The philosophy of Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The philosophy of Leadership - Term Paper Example The scholars look for some extraordinary characteristics and traits essential for the making of leadership. Although the magnitude of these qualities may vary from person to person, as well as from one situation to the other, yet these are essential for turning the individuals the leader of their group, community, society or nation. These qualities include commitment to the mutual cause, loyalty and sincerity to the group, honesty, integrity, courage and benevolence. The scholars are of the opinion that it is essential for a successful leadership that it must be visionary, bold, resolute and determined, which could combat with opposition on the one hand, and can resist the challenges and problems the followers undergo on the other. Consequently, a leader is man of crisis that can successfully steer the ship of the community towards the safe harbors. Consequently, a true leader not only possesses the ability of foreseeing and predicting the situation, but also is in a position to solv e the same by dint of his courage, astuteness and prudence. One of the most imperative differences between leader and followers includes that a follower can display selfishness by placing his personal needs and requirements on priority, but the same could not be observed in the thinking and behavior of a true and dedicated leader, who always strive to take steps for the wellbeing of the entire community or organization. If a leader tries to keep his personal vested interests at priority and neglects the collective interest of his group, team or nation, the followers reject to remain under his command, and appear to be dedicated to replace him with some other person for the growth and development of the entire community. The same can be witnessed in the national and state elections, where the person displaying utmost sincerity and dedication to every stratum of society is elected by the people as president, member parliament or other administrative position. The philosophy of true le aderships takes the leader as person, who is free from ethnic, racial, religious, regional, gender and other prejudices. Hence, a dedicated leader is equally sympathetic, sacrificing and compassionate towards his followers without taking their appearance, color, complexion, gender, socioeconomic position, qualification and sexual orientation etc into account altogether. History and Holy Scriptures are replete with the noble ways adopted by the holy men, who suffered painful trials in order to convey and communicate the sacred message of God to the humanity at large. Actually their steadfastness, iron-will, firmness and care for all people make them as the mentors, preachers and spiritual leaders of their people. The holy prophets and saints loved and interacted with the downtrodden people of society, and never looked down upon the poor, needy, disabled and paupers even. Their

Olympics Lottery Essay Example for Free

Olympics Lottery Essay The issue in which concerns the Active England programme is that the sale of national lottery tickets is gradually declining.  Research by Professor Ian Walker an Economist at the University of Warwick shows that lottery ticket sales are not influenced in anyway by the fact that the lottery supports good causes or the nature of those good causes. The dream of winning large sums of money is the only real driver of ticket sales. However, Professor Walkers research shows otherwise: The figure below shows the history of sales before, during (right in the middle of the graph) and after that controversy for the five main games. He says You dont need to be a trained statistician to see that the effects of rollovers in the lotto games and that there is a slight decline in sales for lotto over the period. So no support here that bad causes matter for sales. See graphs below:  Walker. I, 2004. Good Causes fail to Sell National Lottery Tickets [Online]. Available from: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/NE1000000096306/. Accessed on 09.11.04  Olympics Lottery Fund and the 12% Lottery Duty  The Government were asked to state clearly how it will ensure that money currently raised for good causes, is not diverted to the Olympic bid, resulting in a reduction in the funding of voluntary and community organisations doing vital work throughout the UK. The 12% tax on every National Lottery ticket sold, worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½549 million per year or nearly à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 billion since 1994, should be split between good causes and lottery players instead of going to the Government.  I do not believe that the public want the lottery to be just another Government tax sparing only 28p from the sale of each Lotto ticket and scratch card for good causes. If the government are serious about reconnecting the lottery with the people then they should give half their annual à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½549 million tax cut to the good causes and half back to the players. Etherington. S, 2003. Olympics Lottery Fund and the 12% Lottery Duty [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/asp/search/ncvo/main.aspx?siteID=1sID=8subSID=73documentID=2210. Accessed on 09.11.04  Measures taken by Sport England  Through this sudden decline in National Lottery sales, the above organisation have had to come up with strategic backup plans for alternate methods of funding and other ways of promoting their campaign and to make sure that they suddenly dont run out of money after promising bright and prosperous things to the nation. Sport England is possibly one of the National Lotterys largest good causes funding receiver and with the sales down by 2% from previous years, Sport England has to be careful with how they spend their money.  It is perhaps more difficult for voluntary and public sector clubs to receive funding through the thorough and detailed application process than before the cutbacks. The club must have a charter mark of high standard, a comprehensive code of conduct and practice for all parties involved and they must be able to prove that the money really will be able to change peoples lives. Whereas a number of years ago, it was rumoured that almost any club could receive funding if they wanted, and the nation saw money go to waste, which can no longer happen. With Sport England under fire by the media brought along a newly appointed chief executive, this created upset. Many peoples jobs were seen as not making enough contribution the cause and were subsequently axed.  Below is a shower of ideas in which Active England can consider to be successful in the future: Conclusion Throughout the portfolio, the key issues in which sport must adapt to have been identified.  With the National Lottery ticket sales slowly increasing again, funding for sports programmes should become readily available if suitably justified.

Fragments of A Painful Case and Paper Pills -- Painful Case Paper Pill

Fragments of "A Painful Case" and "Paper Pills" Although James Joyce and Sherwood Anderson situate their subjects in very different milieux (Joyce's in Dublin; Anderson's in Winesburg, Ohio), two of their subjects speak the same language of idiosyncrasy. In Joyce's "A Painful Case," Mr. Duffy keeps on his desk "a little sheaf of papers held together by a brass pin. In these sheets a sentence was inscribed from time to time and, in an ironical moment, the headline of an advertisement for Bile Beans had been pasted on to the first sheet" (Joyce 103). In Anderson's "Paper Pills," Dr. Reefy records his thoughts on "scraps of paper that became hard balls and were thrown away" (Anderson 36). These scribbled bits of subjectivity offer insight into the constituions of Anderson's doctor and Joyce's painful case. Living "in Chapelizod because he wished to live as far as possible from the city of which he was a citizen" (Joyce 103), Mr. Duffy provides an example of the unwittingly mechanized individual. Mr. Duffy attempts "to preserve an interior life of introspection against the overwhelming and machine-like activities of city life" (134) but he resembles nothing so much as a well-oiled machine. Duffy tries to live self-contained in the gap between nature and culture, when these terms are defined so that "we can see the infant's relation to the mother as somehow 'natural' and the post-Oedipal child as one who is in the process of assuming a position within the cultural order as a whole" (Eagleton 156). Associating with "neither companions nor friends, church nor creed" (Joyce 105), Duffy removes himself from familial and societal ties and from "his body, regarding his own acts with doubtful side-glances" (104). The first threat to... ...uded the world. It became terrible and then faded away and the little thoughts began again" (37). In this cycle of univocity and fragmentation, even the twisted apples have their day in the sun. As opposed to Duffy's ordered collage, Reefy's confounding lack of order -- in a different twist of Modernist irony -- assure his wholeness and his health. Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. "Paper Pills." Winesburg, Ohio. Ed. John H. Ferres. New York:Viking Penguin, 1977. 35-8. Butler, Christopher. Early Modernism: Literature, Music, and Painting in Europe, 1900-1916. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Joyce, James. "A Painful Case." Dubliners . New York: Penguin, 1993. 103-14. ---. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.. Ed. Chester G. Anderson. New York: Viking Penguin, 1977.

My Self Improvement Project: Time Management Essays -- time management

I write this clear and concise reflection to identify and evaluate an academic problem that I feel is negatively impacting my studies which is time management; otherwise, I find lot of difficulty to manage my time. This problem influences my academic and personal life because I cannot manage my time correctly in order to be successful. Firstly I am not organized and I don’t have any plan to set and apply. This shows clearly the difficulty of my critical situation. I became to feel anxious and nervous all the time and also it affects on my grade. According to this I must change the way I deal with my time by changing the methodology and follow other time management strategies. The reality that I never have manage my time and now I regret deeply that I don’t have any schedule to follow then I realize that managing time is necessary and very important. I find myself rushing at the last minute to complete my assignments and do my homework without being ready to do them physically and morally. I also find my self forgetting what I have to do , missing deadlines, putting some unrealistic goals, worrying about an exam if I don’t prepare for it. I often waste my energy on less important tasks; consequently, I fail to complete successfully the more important ones. I sleep very late then I don’t have enough hours to sleep ,so I cant wake up freshly ,therefore I come not following normally my courses, concentrating ,and focusing on my works. I am easily distracted by my gadgets and other external tendencies. I face some anxiety and health problems. I feel embarrassed and stressed because I don’t have time to accomplish my goals, because I have a great part of time in my leisure time; take for instance, I spend lot of time talking on... ...nize my targets by classify them by the authority, then succeed and be successful. The strategies that I used and the strategies that I have implement to reduce are efficient. But the most effective are create week schedule and plan my work each day because in this two strategies I can make adjustment at the weekend because as we know the weekend is the largest block of spare time, it may be helpful to complete tasks that take longer than planned and I also use the daily activity table with column of tasks prioritizing. The least effective strategies are testing my work each fifteen days and adjusting my plans each day. After I achieve in reducing this academic problem, I still also have some academic problems but not with the same difficulty; take for instance, procrastination. But I think in managing my time effectively I will not be procrastinator anymore.

How Does The World Leading Companies Interact with Society: An investigation into the performance of Louis Vuitton Essay

Founded in 1854, Louis Vuitton Moà «t Hennessy (LVMH) had become the world’s largest luxury fashion house brand group and manage to gain sales revenue of 20,320 million euros in 2010 to 23, 659 million Euro in 2011 and 28, 103 million Euro in 2012 (Jin, 2012). Nowadays in business world, the survivability of business depends on how it interact with the society. The way of a company behave toward the society and environment is the key for a company to achieve profitability and maintain good reputation as small action give a big impact (Hartman, 2005). In this case, a company good intention will frequently shadowed by it bad steps in damaging society even it is unintentionally done. In contrast for that, Louis Vuitton had practiced their good intention by launching environmental department in 1992 in order to preserve the nature thus helping Louis Vuitton to produce high quality product (LVMH launches its own Green Week, 2012). Behind the scene, Louis Vuitton also increases their carbon emission by 25% in 2012 while manage to increases their revenue by 19% in 2012 (LVMH, 2012). In the same time, Louis Vuitton keep telling the society about their policy of not allowing child labor (LVMH: Supplier’s Code Of conduct, 2014) but unfortunately, it just another spin doctoring to hide another mistake they had done. This would remark that Louis Vuitton secretly brings the negative impact to environment and to the community around them. This paper will assessed the truth about the real contribution of LVMH towards society. In spite of that, there are still other stakeholders that are not being discussed thorough this investigation. The case against Louis Vuitton For a luxury brand to be judge as very successful company, the indicator is not about how popular the company but it is decided on how timeless, modern, fast-growing and highly profitable they are (LVMH brand for success, 2002). Indeed, the way of the company interact with the society still will be take into the consideration as it such inappropriate for a company to have high profit by ‘taking down’ people who are also the customers (Hartman, 2005, 53). To conclude the performance of LVMH, it is really important to jot down their contribution in making the world a better place. In this context, it  is a need to study how well is a company in reducing carbon dioxide emission in reducing dire climate change level today (Antonio, 2009, 15). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of greenhouse gas released by human activities including the production processes of goods in LVMH. Industrial activities contribute 11% of carbon emission in the atmosphere that is a main factor of global warming (EPA 2013). Global warming should not be underestimated as it would lead to varies bad effects to world such as increase the sea level that cause by melting of the Arctic sea ice and glaciers. It was reported by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that there was a 22cm rise in sea level in the 20th century and 22cm rise in sea level in the 20th century due to carbon emission. Year by year, Louis Vuitton is increasing its carbon emission. The paradox here is Louis Vuitton should give effort to improve the lifestyle of its stakeholders which is the society but in the same time Louis Vuitton is slowly ‘killing’ the world. What a meaning of wearing very stylish outfit but at the end people got no place as their home. The record explicitly show that LVMH was releasing 193,371 tons of (CO2) of carbon emission in 2012 which is really bad for environment (LVMH 2012). In 2011, Louis Vuitton recorded 155,362 tons of (CO2) carbon emission which is lesser than in 2012. It was believed that the carbon emission rose due to alliance of LVMH with Murakami in producing new design and pattern (Riot, 2013). Despite of that, Louis Vuitton should care about alliance of several products if they do really want to minimize the carbon emission. Louis Vuitton had declared that it is one of their policy to compensate the carbon emission but unfortunately in the production of fashion and leather goods, carbon emissions had rose by 71% in 2012 (55,978 metric tonnes) compared to 2011 (32,714 metric tonnes) which is due to this alliance (LVMH, 2012). Louis Vuitton seems to only expects their supplier to be committed in mitigate with carbon emission generated from the supply chain which is beyond their control (LVMH 2011). This would remark that it is impossible for LVMH to promote a better environment without any clear measures taken in overcome this problem. Is Louis Vuitton really aware that due to their incentives of inventing new products cause increase in carbon emission spasmodically. What can be concluded from this situation, LVMH is trying to spin doctoring by only telling their incentives in improving their stakeholders lifestyles but at the same time they are not really determined  and care about their stakeholders’ future. The case for Louis Vuitton Instead of those issues that already discussed above, it is undeniable that Louis Vuitton is aware of those problem happened and do really give effort to overcome the carbon emission issue. It is true that LVMH really practicing a policy in order to support the environmental protection that illustrate them as a party that willing to reduce the negative impact of their activities to environment by limiting the carbon emission (Louis Vuitton 2012). In 2006, Louis Vuitton had carried out a few training programmes in encouraging their workers to protect the environment by carefully using natural resources, minimize the energy and water consumption and reducing waste (UNGC 2006). Louis Vuitton also had established Environment department since 1992 to preserve the nature. One of the functions of the environment department is to promotes each employees to practice the right attitudes thus ensuring their commitment in preserving the environment. In instance, Louis Vuitton was organized two seminars on â€Å"ISO 14001† and â€Å"Carbon footprint† to increase the understanding of how important of a company in ensuring the environment is safety for mankind (LVMH 2012). Consequently, in this effort, Louis Vuitton was conducting more 700 training hours in promoting awareness to their regular employee at Sainte-Florence workshop and 111 training hours at the Barbera workshop (LVMH 2012). Louis Vuitton tried to spread the importance of preserving the nature to their employee’s stakeholders and not only to their employees. Unfortunately, this storyline happened before the incidents of carbon emission happened. From what can be inferred is, Louis Vuitton probably reducing their efforts in mitigating carbon emission after their stakeholders already view Louis Vuitton as a really determined party in promoting better environment. Get down to the concept of a successful company, the effort of Louis Vuitton in perform ing the alliance with Murakami is also fair as making the company highly profitable. In simple word, it is also unfair to judge Louis Vuitton as the bad one in increasing the carbon emission as every single action have their own trade-offs. From past events, it was really shown how determine Louis Vuitton in promoting better lifestyles to their stakeholders. For example, in celebrating Lantern Festival in China, they had invented a lantern collection and a mahjong set  for Chinese people (Chan, 2011, 101). In this case, it is not really a need for Louis Vuitton to do that as they already manage to make high profit from other product but due to their spirit to improve people lifestyles, they really give an effort for a part of world population in China. Furthermore, Louis Vuitton is also really aware of workers’ right. As the world was shocked by usage of child labor by Nike in 2001, Louis Vuitton never involved in such issues. It can be seen that Louis Vuitton is really determined with their policy of not using child labor in their production. In addition of that, Louis Vuitton also stated in their policy that they will give appropriate wages to their workers and will really take care of them as the company ass ets (LVMH: Supplier’s Code Of conduct, 2014). Thus, Louis Vuitton contributions in promoting better society also should not be avoided due to their few mistakes in conducting their business as they may have no intention to make things become severely worsen. Conclusion Louis Vuitton is interacting with the society in both positive and negative ways. Louis Vuitton had gave their best to give a better products that would satisfied their stakeholders. They had inventing a lot of new design to suit with the stakeholders’ wants. This would illustrated how well Louis Vuitton response to society is. In spite of that, Louis Vuitton biggest harm to society which is carbon emission is also the main issue that should not be avoided as Louis Vuitton is manufacturing, transporting and packaging their products. It is aware that carbon emission released by Louis Vuitton would bring bad impact for global community especially the next generation of human in future. Instead of making policies, Louis Vuitton is really giving effort in practicing those policies even though sometimes they failed to do so. In conclusion, Louis Vuitton needs to have a good relationship with the society by fulfilling not only the needs of their shareholders and community but also t heir needs. References Antonio, Robert J. 2009. Climate Change, the Resource Crunch, and The Global Growth Imperative. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Chan, Priscilla Y.L. 2011. Fashion retailing in China: An examination of its development and issues. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions | Climate Change US EPA.† Accessed March 26, 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html. Hartman, Laura P. 2005. Perspectives In Business Ethics. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). â€Å"LVMH launches its own Green Week†. 2012. LUXURY, May 2012. http://www.2luxury2.com/lvmh-launches-its-own-green-week/ LVMH Supplier’s Code Of conduct. 2014. Louis Vuitton Moà «t Hennessy. http://www.lvmh.com/uploads/assets/Com-fi/Documents/en/Governance/LVMH-Suppliers-code-of-conduct.pdf â€Å"LVMH brand for success, thanks to know-how from the top†. 2002. Strategic Direction 18(5): 7-9. doi: 10.1108/02580540210793482 LVMH: luxury world leader, prestigious brands – Louis Vuitton Moà «t Hennessy. Accessed September 7, 2013. http://www.lvmh.com/uploads/assets/Com-fi/Documents/en/Press_release_PDF/LVMHAnnualResults2012_VA.pdf. Riot, Elen. 2013. â€Å"Murakami on the bag: Louis Vuitton’s decommoditization strategy†. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 41(11/12). doi: 10.1108/IJRDM-01-2013-0010 UNGC (United Nations Global Compact). Accessed March 27, 2014. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/system/attachments/2897/original/COP.pdf?1262614359.

Cuban Misile Crisis essays

Cuban Misile Crisis essays The sixties were one of the most exciting time periods in American history. The ideas of a new generation started a cultural revolution, U.S. citizens enjoyed a high standard of living, and the country was in the middle of the Cold War. The Cold War saw no shots fired, but threatened to devastate the U.S. and USSR, as well as the rest of the world into nuclear holocaust. On October 16, 1962 U.S. U-2 spy planes discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba. Although the U.S. had been assured by Soviet leaders that they wouldn't place missiles in Cuba they had secretly. America had to take action to protect its security and to show the USSR that we wouldnt be pushed around. On Tuesday morning, October 16, 1962 President Kennedy called together his cabinet to discuss the crisis. Over the next thirteen days the Kennedy Administration made many difficult decisions, which I believe were highly effective. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts in 1917. He attended Princeton University and Harvard University. JFK served in the Navy during WWII and afterwards started his political career. In 1961 he was elected as the youngest President ever as well as the first Roman Catholic President. Kennedys cabinet appointments included Dean Rusk as secretary of state, Robert McNamara as secretary of defense, Douglas Dillon as secretary of the treasury, as well as Robert F. Kennedy as attorney general. These men, as well as many others including the joint chiefs of staffs, were all part of ExComm (the Executive Committee of the National Security Council). ExComm was the committee responsible for all of the decision making during the Cuban Missile. As soon as the missiles were discovered in Cuba ExComm met to discuss what action America would take to not only defend itself from attack but to also stop the shipment of missiles to Cuba. The USSR had strongly defended themselves in past months stating that th ...

Free Essays on The Role Of Media In A Multicultural Society

The Role of the Media In A Multicultural Society All of the world knows about the Jewish Holocaust, where millions of Jews were persecuted and put to death in concentration camps. All of the world knows about Nazification, in which Hitler attempted to wipe out the entire Jewish history by attempting to burn the books, ban the langauge, and stifle the Jewish community. The world does not know about the "Han" of the Korean people. History can have a dual role: The one of destroyer or the other of savior. The message a people's history transmits from the past can either kill a people's spirit or empower and magnify. If a people's history has bee n a past laced with hardship, meekness, subjugation, and servility, no empowerment can be derived from it. This history of hardship has been to today the version being transmitted to the Korean people: a nation of meek farmers, always stuck in a peninsula, that they have so much han built up in their psyche, invaded a total of 966 times but somehow survived, never chose to invade others' d omain, a people who have survived many a hardship and subjugation to build a viable nation-state that Korea is today. The most visible cause of this historical view lies in the Japanese colonial era. Every colonial power does its best to instill a sense of inferiority, defeat, and hopelessness into the psyche of the subjugated. The Japanese did everything their power allowed to do to achieve this end; that included a massive sixteen-year compiling of their version of Korean history, The Chosen-sai (History of Chosen). Chosen-sai essentially has never been discarded, owing to the fact that the founder of the modern South Korean historical academic field, Yi Byong-do, was an active participant in the compiling of the Chosen-sai. But Yi not withstanding, the Japanese didn't get their idea just out of the blue, but rather exploited centuries of sadaejui practiced by the Yi Dynasty. Since sadaejui itself wa... Free Essays on The Role Of Media In A Multicultural Society Free Essays on The Role Of Media In A Multicultural Society The Role of the Media In A Multicultural Society All of the world knows about the Jewish Holocaust, where millions of Jews were persecuted and put to death in concentration camps. All of the world knows about Nazification, in which Hitler attempted to wipe out the entire Jewish history by attempting to burn the books, ban the langauge, and stifle the Jewish community. The world does not know about the "Han" of the Korean people. History can have a dual role: The one of destroyer or the other of savior. The message a people's history transmits from the past can either kill a people's spirit or empower and magnify. If a people's history has bee n a past laced with hardship, meekness, subjugation, and servility, no empowerment can be derived from it. This history of hardship has been to today the version being transmitted to the Korean people: a nation of meek farmers, always stuck in a peninsula, that they have so much han built up in their psyche, invaded a total of 966 times but somehow survived, never chose to invade others' d omain, a people who have survived many a hardship and subjugation to build a viable nation-state that Korea is today. The most visible cause of this historical view lies in the Japanese colonial era. Every colonial power does its best to instill a sense of inferiority, defeat, and hopelessness into the psyche of the subjugated. The Japanese did everything their power allowed to do to achieve this end; that included a massive sixteen-year compiling of their version of Korean history, The Chosen-sai (History of Chosen). Chosen-sai essentially has never been discarded, owing to the fact that the founder of the modern South Korean historical academic field, Yi Byong-do, was an active participant in the compiling of the Chosen-sai. But Yi not withstanding, the Japanese didn't get their idea just out of the blue, but rather exploited centuries of sadaejui practiced by the Yi Dynasty. Since sadaejui itself wa...

Industrial Revolution Essays

Industrial Revolution Essays Industrial Revolution Essay Industrial Revolution Essay The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the world. The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom as large deposits of coal and iron were found throughout the land which brought the rise of factories and machines, the idea then subsequently spread throughout the world. It was perhaps one of the greatest moments in human history, as it gave rise to industrialization and the switch from manpower to machine power. It completely revolutionized the world and forever changed the course of humanity. However, many scholars and historians believe that the Industrial Revolutions benefits didnt outweigh the negative impacts it brought upon the world. I for one believe that the benefits brought upon by the Industrial Revolution Justify the negative impacts it had on the world. Without the Industrial Revolution, the world as we know it wouldnt exist. The Industrial Revolution brought about immense economic benefits not only for Great Britain but for all the countries in the world who commenced the process of ndustrialization. It led to a rapid increase in technology, which affected production rates. Since factories were creating goods with machines and little human assistance, everything was being mass produced. Machines made it possible to produce a greater quantity of goods at a faster rate so to satisfy the rules of supply and demand, the prices of goods dropped and many people were able to afford to spend money. Throughout history many have said that imperialism was a bad consequence of the Industrial Revolution, but I believe it happened to boost economic benefits. The impact of this change on society was enormous. The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it broke out in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the 19th century was of great importance to the economic future of the United States. Three industrial developments led the way to industrialization in America. Transportation was expanded, electricity was harnessed, and improvements were made to industrial processes. The major difference was the very definition of rural and urban; rural life was based around farming and agriculture while urban was based in cities/towns. Another important difference was that life was much cleaner in the rural areas and rural people actually had a longer ife expectancy than urban ones; the cards later switched once the revolution focused on sanitizing. In urban areas, there are more resources given to the public. Where in rural areas, most people have to go into town to get their resources. Unless much quieter than urban areas because there arent as many people who live in them as people live in urban areas. Most rural slaves had to do hard farm labor, while urban slaves were usually domestics. Rural way of life disappeared mainly because there were more Jobs voluntarily available in the big cities thus, everyone was moving away to the cities. There were major developments and inventions in agriculture, manufacture, and travel that eventually spread throughout Europe and North America. Industry and manufacturing that was once all by hand could now be done by machine. It all started with the textile industry and spread to other products. Factories were built and steam powered machinery increased the manufacture. Enormous amounts of coal had to be burned to make enough steam to power the machines. Increased products meant that more goods needed to be transported, so canals were built, and roads and railways improved. Towards the middle of the 19th entury, steam-powered ships and railways meant progress got faster. Then later in the century, electricity and the development of the internal combustion engine increased the pace at which goods were manufactured and transported. There are plenty of reasons as to why people moved from rural areas to urban areas. Better Job opportunities and salary, and Jobs in rural areas usually require a lot of physical effort, whereas most Jobs in urban areas Just involve sitting behind a desk. People in urban areas are usually payed more than people in rural areas. Also, the luxuries of the urban world attract the people of rural areas. Most rural are agriculture based. An agriculturists needs are pretty simple. They revolve mostly around domestic needs only, whereas urban areas, everything revolves around technology that makes life easier. Large masses of people moving from rural to urban areas, causes an occurrence called, urbanization. Urbanization leads to overpopulation, pollution, and various other problems. Due to urbanization, the boundaries of the urban areas expand into the rural areas. This causes forced urbanization, as people who live in the rural areas are forced into the urban area and the ways of the urban people. Lastly, the standards of living and the standards of education are higher in urban areas. This may also be one of the reasons why people move from urban to rural areas. The effects of all this rapid change on society were enormous. More and more people left the land and went to towns and cities to work in factories. The growth of the towns couldnt keep up with the number of people pouring into them, and so housing was hard to get and people lived in slums in appalling circumstances. The differences between rural to urban life were significant, and we should be very appreciative of what we have now and the history behind it.

Media Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media Campaign - Essay Example With the continuous technology advancements and subsequently altering as well as widening reach of mass media campaigns today, non-profit organisations have also taken a footstep ahead to use the communication tool for channelising their messages to the targeted audiences. In many instances, mass media campaigns have proved as beneficial in persuading the audiences to believe the message communicated and thereby alter their behaviours accordingly (Johnston, â€Å"Can Mass Media Change Behavior†). Contextually, there are various factors associated with a media campaign designed to promote a public service goal, which tend to impose significant influences in determining the success of the organisation in effectively conveying the intended message. Based on this particular learning, the discussion henceforth will focus on identifying, discussing and evaluating the influencing factors associated with a planned campaign intended towards the attainment of a public service goal of Co rporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) to â€Å"promote an educated and informed civil society through high-quality content and services delivered across multiple platforms† (CPB, â€Å"CPB's Goals and Objectives†). Thesis Statement The discussion will begin with a brief overview of the planned campaign moving forth towards the identification of the most important elements or factors associated with its overall designing, construction and execution. With this objective, the discussion will address the most pertinent factors associated with the planned campaign with adequate rationalisation on the basis of the role played by mass media. The potential disadvantages of using media campaigns, both from a generalised perspective and specific viewpoint in relation to the planned campaign will also be studied in the essay. Before concluding on the key specifications of the essay, moral and ethical considerations attached to the media campaign will also be elaborated in the d iscussion. Overview of the Media Campaign CPB is renowned internationally as a non-profit private organisation which was established in the year 1967 by Congress. Since then, it has been serving the worldwide communities with various services, rendering praiseworthy support to mitigate various issues. Stating precisely, the broadcasting organisation intends to ensure high-quality journalism and reporting transparency with the aim to aid contribution from the society in facilitating the overall growth of the economy and prosperity of the mankind. In its course of strategic executions, the organisation has been focusing on various objectives amongst which, one particular public service goal can be considered as quite crucial which focuses on the promotion of an educated, liberalised and adequately informed society based on multiple platforms for the applications of high-quality contents as well as services. The objectives determined by the organisation for the attainment of this parti cular goal further emphasises on satisfying the public needs for education and information, especially among the diversified cultural groups in particular, which can be attained

Registration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Registration law - Essay Example The Lords held that this was a "functional design" (Amp, 1972) which did not "appeal to" nor was it "judged by the eye". The Lords proposed a number of general propositions that have become a part of established precedent: This definition of eye appeal was relaxed in the Gardex Ltd. v. Sorata Ltd. [1986] RPC 623 in which the court held that the design on the underside of a shower tray was not registrable. This, and similar cases, led to the 1988 amendment of the Act that stated that a design could not be registered if the "appearance of the article is not material" (Act, 1988, 1(3)). Thus aesthetic considerations are not normally taken into account to a material extent by persons acquiring or using a product or if the design were applied to the product: that design cannot be registered. The amendment had the important effect of removing from registration protection many everyday household items that would otherwise have been covered on the basis that their design is not solely dictated by function. Essentially, the onus was thus moved to the designer to prove the aesthetic importance of the design over functionality. Thus the Directive was designed not to harmonize all design law perfectly but rather to prevent discrepancies between national provisions that would stifle trade between member states. One of the reasons for the inclusion of the Directive within the 1949 Act is that the latter was seen as inflexible and uncommercial, especially considering the need for eye appeal, which was always rather amorphous and contentious issue. The new requirement is that the design falls within the definition of "design", that the design is new and that design exhibits

Technology in the classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Technology in the classroom - Essay Example The addition of these technological advancements within the classroom has several benefits and disadvantages associated with it for both teachers and students. Adoption of technology in classroom can help in satisfying different learning needs of different students within the classroom. A classroom comprises of various students who belong to different backgrounds and who prefer to learn in a different manner. According to the left side brain versus right side brain researchers, students who experience domination of the left side brain learn with the aid of artistic materials such as videos (Templeton, 2012). Furthermore, the students who experience right side brain dominance prefer learning through notes and lectures. Technological advancements such as multimedia devices help both kinds of students in learning at the same time. These devices have the ability to exhibit videos that support the students who learn through creative material and these devices can be used to exhibit text in form of PowerPoint slides and this supports the learning of students who prefer learning through texts and lectures. Adoption of technology within classrooms increases the access to information which helps both the student and the teacher population. A survey was conducted by Purcell et al. during the period of 2013 and in this survey the researchers figured out that 92% of teachers use technology such as internet in their classroom to access content over the internet and this content helps them in delivering more information to the students (Purcell et al., 2013). This study clearly explains that internet use can increase the access of information in classroom and students and teachers go beyond basic textbooks to facilitate learning. Inclusion of technology has replaced the use of paper in classroom and this is helping in solving a major issue of excessive cutting down of trees. Lindquist conducted a

A Culture of Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Culture of Safety - Essay Example However, as management models have continued to evolve, people have recognized that an error can only be prevented if it is known. This is the basis of the just culture in nursing, which acts as a bridge between the traditional approach and a situation in which no one bears the responsibility of errors. The just culture enables an organization as well as its employees to learn from mistakes and create a system that minimizes chances of error. This paper explores the just culture in a nursing setting and its impact on the safety of the patients. The Role of the Nurse in identifying Potential and Real Threats Patient safety is the core mission of every healthcare institution. Nurses have a role in ensuring that the patients in a hospital setting are catered to adequately to ensure their safety. They are obligated to identify, whenever possible, the risks that patients face while in the health institution. One way of identifying threats against the health of a patient would be to open t he communication channels in the hospital. This would enable a nurse to report to the administration about a threat to the safety of the patients. Previously, the punitive system in such a setting inhibited such reporting and nurses only identified threats which they would not be able to hide. The just culture enables a nurse to identify a risk which may have occurred due to an error and report the threat in the appropriate manner. This increases patient safety as adequate measures can be taken to remedy the situation. This role of the nurse is, therefore, in line with the just culture as proposed by Reason (American Nurses Association, 2010). Steps in Minimizing or Eliminating Threats Rules and Regulations Following instructions that are set by the organization should be a priority for all nurses. Managers, according to Lazarus (2011), must put systems in place that will enable the nurses to carry out their roles in the institution effectively. These systems are part of the rules t hat are set by the nursing leadership to provide maximum efficacy at the work place. Nurses should therefore adhere to these set rules and regulations, in order to minimize the chances of errors happening at the work place. Most of the systems in place are tested and tried, meaning they have been found to reduce the number of errors that people can make at the work place. Although human errors do occur, a continuous improvement of the system, as proposed in the just culture will lead to the system achieving maximum efficiency. Acting with regard to these rules will minimize or even eliminate the chances of error. Nurses should only act contrary to these rules when there is evidence that acting according to them presents a threat to the patient (Lazarus, 2011). Attending Seminars Seminars and other meetings organized by the institution to sensitize employees in patient safety are a valuable resource to nurses. Policies that are proposed and passed during these meeting have an effect on the performance of the nurses, and it is therefore important that nurses attend these meetings. This way, they will be conversant with the rules and regulations, as well as contribute to the development of these policies such that the rules will also be in favor of the nurses. Patient safety can be maximized through such meetings since the stakeholders agree on the most effective means of achieving that goal. Nurses mostly deal with patients directly and are obligated to ensure the safety of the patient. By attending these seminars, they increase their knowledge and learn how to incorporate the new policies with their expertise. This is an important aspect for the safety of the patient and nurses should take this measure to minimize threats to

Unit 4 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 4 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - Research Paper Example These accomplishments mean that nothing is impossible and everyone has a right and the law can protect them from being harmed as long as the victim reports the battery and violence (Janovicek, 2011). The integration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual (LGBT) individuals into the U.S. military is a long-standing and politically and socially divisive issue. Why do you believe there is so much controversy surrounding this issue? Provide examples to support your discussion. People do not believe that an LGBT soldier is as effective in the combatant field as a heterosexual soldier. The controversy is being based on myths and information that is not factual. People who are yet to openly accept any LGBT are still the ones with problems of them serving in the army. Closeted LGBTs still served in the army without any hindrance of duty until they came out openly and that is when they were regarded as being incompetent soldiers (McDonald and Parks, 2013). People have to look at research facts and carry out more research on the LGBT soldiers in their army. They are no less competent that heterosexual ones and others are even better and have made high ranks (Kingston, 2012). The same way heterosexual soldiers exercise restraint of their sexuality in active duty even with having opposite sex soldiers is the same way the LGBTs exercise restraint. No rape cases by LGBT have been reported in the military and this should be the guiding point to end the

A Culture of Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Culture of Safety - Essay Example However, as management models have continued to evolve, people have recognized that an error can only be prevented if it is known. This is the basis of the just culture in nursing, which acts as a bridge between the traditional approach and a situation in which no one bears the responsibility of errors. The just culture enables an organization as well as its employees to learn from mistakes and create a system that minimizes chances of error. This paper explores the just culture in a nursing setting and its impact on the safety of the patients. The Role of the Nurse in identifying Potential and Real Threats Patient safety is the core mission of every healthcare institution. Nurses have a role in ensuring that the patients in a hospital setting are catered to adequately to ensure their safety. They are obligated to identify, whenever possible, the risks that patients face while in the health institution. One way of identifying threats against the health of a patient would be to open t he communication channels in the hospital. This would enable a nurse to report to the administration about a threat to the safety of the patients. Previously, the punitive system in such a setting inhibited such reporting and nurses only identified threats which they would not be able to hide. The just culture enables a nurse to identify a risk which may have occurred due to an error and report the threat in the appropriate manner. This increases patient safety as adequate measures can be taken to remedy the situation. This role of the nurse is, therefore, in line with the just culture as proposed by Reason (American Nurses Association, 2010). Steps in Minimizing or Eliminating Threats Rules and Regulations Following instructions that are set by the organization should be a priority for all nurses. Managers, according to Lazarus (2011), must put systems in place that will enable the nurses to carry out their roles in the institution effectively. These systems are part of the rules t hat are set by the nursing leadership to provide maximum efficacy at the work place. Nurses should therefore adhere to these set rules and regulations, in order to minimize the chances of errors happening at the work place. Most of the systems in place are tested and tried, meaning they have been found to reduce the number of errors that people can make at the work place. Although human errors do occur, a continuous improvement of the system, as proposed in the just culture will lead to the system achieving maximum efficiency. Acting with regard to these rules will minimize or even eliminate the chances of error. Nurses should only act contrary to these rules when there is evidence that acting according to them presents a threat to the patient (Lazarus, 2011). Attending Seminars Seminars and other meetings organized by the institution to sensitize employees in patient safety are a valuable resource to nurses. Policies that are proposed and passed during these meeting have an effect on the performance of the nurses, and it is therefore important that nurses attend these meetings. This way, they will be conversant with the rules and regulations, as well as contribute to the development of these policies such that the rules will also be in favor of the nurses. Patient safety can be maximized through such meetings since the stakeholders agree on the most effective means of achieving that goal. Nurses mostly deal with patients directly and are obligated to ensure the safety of the patient. By attending these seminars, they increase their knowledge and learn how to incorporate the new policies with their expertise. This is an important aspect for the safety of the patient and nurses should take this measure to minimize threats to

Foreign policy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign policy analysis - Essay Example According to Rational Actor Model, the government is seen as a unitary actor and policy making is done keeping in mind the cost and benefit analysis. This model assumes that policy makers are faithful and execute their role with full justice. This model is unrealistic because it is logical and asses policy on basis of cost and not on its ulterior motive and subject value. In this model, the investigation is made to understand the rational thinking of the person involved in policy making. As per (Zakiuum,2009)â€Å"The Rational Actor Model is used to understand the decisions that a nation-state or organization makes†. In Rationale Actor Model the goal and objective of a country is analyzed primarily. In Cuban missile crisis, Russian president installed nuclear missile in Cuba to defend Cuba from Unites States. The objective of then U.S. president Kennedy was to obstruct communism in the western region. Kennedy has attempted to overthrow Castro and his government many times but was unsuccessful. In this Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy wanted maximum to avoid a nuclear war which was on a brink of happening. He analyzed many options but decided blockade of Cuba as it would initiate a positive response from Russia. â€Å"On October 20, 1962, President Kennedy directs implementing a military blockade on Cuba: a full "quarantine", preventing anything or anyone from going into or leaving Cuba".†(Marxist,2000).Here the cost of the policy is not taken in to consideration but the safety of United States was in mind of Kennedy. It is not necessary that always the political leaders will act in rationale manner as human mind is egoistic. 2. Evaluate the impact of re-unification on Germany’s foreign policy. The German re-unification was a treaty signed between two German states in October 3rd 1990 in Berlin. This event has shocked the world and triggered many chain of actions. The re-unification had a tremendous impact on allies of Germany as they thought t hings were happening too fast and the international security can be at risk. America and Great Britain assumed that Germany’s unwillingness to sign NATO membership even can create more trouble. According to the (Emabssy of ,2011)â€Å"United Germany’s integration in the foreign policy context was regulated under a separate treaty signed by the two German states and the four allied powers†. The new German policy implies a considerable shift in the country’s stand towards Europe and other foreign nations. As per (Hellman,2011)â€Å"These foreign policy self-image changes are extensive and profound, and pertain not only to the self-image of a small foreign policy elite, but that of the German public in general†. Being a unified country, Germany is more confident and is trying relentlessly for a permanent seat in U.N. Security council. Germany also participated in the â€Å"P5 plus Germany† which is comprised of U.N. security members to discuss about the nuclear activities of Iran. Germany has showed its self confidence in its relation with foreign nations especially with European Union and Afghanistan. Not only European Union is t he centre of German foreign policy but its allies with U.S. regarding NATO membership is strong. Germany as a unified nation also shares a close tie with Russia. 3. Assess the impact of political change and instability on Russia’s foreign policy. The Russian foreign policy is significantly affected by the internal political factors and the action of executive leader .While U.S governors visited foreign nations to promote business, Russian governor Tatarstan formulated his own laws regarding foreign investment and attempted to build alliances with UN and other international organization without the consent from central authority. In his article(Charap,2007)states that â€Å"

Food Adulteration Essay Example for Free

Food Adulteration Essay Kraft Foods offer a wide variety of products. They offer delicious foods and beverages for every lifestyle on the go. While exploring the website of Kraft seems to define their product mix as foods that are geared more towards the people on the go. I would define their product mix as health/wellness foods, quick fix meals, snacks and beverages as well as offering a Premium line of foods. In their health/wellness foods they offer products in a â€Å"light† form such as things like Philadelphia light cream cheese and reduce fat cookies. For meals on the go or quick fix meals Kraft have designed meals like the Kraft Mac Cheese Cups, frozen meals and sandwich kits. They offer a wide variety of snack foods including everyone’s favorite cookie Oreo’s and Splendips. The Premium line that Kraft offers includes foods like DiGornio Pizza and Oscar Myer bacon. Kraft offers 8 product lines with over 50 different brands. Kraft’s product mix is the offering of their premium foods, such as DiGornao Ultimate Pizza which is made as a higher quality pizza then the standard. Tombstone Mexican Style Pizza is offered as a convenience food as a favorite food of teenage boys. It was designed for the ease of cooking a easy, quick, healthy meal. Tang is real fruit goodness of oranges. Everyone will surely love its sweet, refreshing flavor plus the added nutrition it gives. It is also instant drink mix offering the convenience food again. South Beach Diet foods are part of their healthy yet, convenience foods. The line offers alternatives to other popular diet fads. South Beach Diet foods play on wholegrain and the correct or right fats like canola oil and olive oil. In this line they also offer bars for a fast way to fill a craving during the day.

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay Arabian Gulf countries have a long history and tradition on maritime affairs, and Arabs considered as the most skilled and experienced seafarers and traders. These traditional and historical ties with sea, the proposed Maritime Academy trusts to cultivate to the highest level by providing the Arab youth with vocational and professional maritime training that meets all current international standards. The proposed Maritime Academy will be dedicated to the training of Arab seafarers to be and will give students the best possible start to their careers in the international shipping industry. It is well known that seafaring offers a stimulating, fulfilling and well paid career to young men who enjoy the associated challenges and responsibility, and who want more from a career than the usual nine to five routine. A career at sea brings with it a wealth of opportunity, providing individuals with the training and experience for a lifetime of rewarding challenges, which in the long term can be continued either at sea or ashore. While many will aspire to reach the ranks of Captain or Chief Engineer aboard ship, others may decide later on to move ashore and pursue one of the many opportunities available to experienced ships officers in the international shipping industry or elsewhere (e.g. shipping management, port management, ship broking, maritime law, ship and cargo surveying etc.) Most Arab countries are blessed with excessive oil reserves and this oil is transported to countries all over the world. This oil industry needs competent and reputable shipping industry to take care of the oil transport and has to be run by skilled, well trained, and educated officers both aboard ships and ashore. Technical and managerial skills learned at sea are readily transferable and can be developed by further training. And is the scope of the proposed Maritime Academy to provide. 1.2 Building up of Students Professional Qualifications In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn and trained in such a way as to enhance all these personal qualities existing in every man and which are essential for a successful ships officer in order to cope with the demands of the profession. As a merchant marine officer he will spend several months at a time away from home living in close proximity with other crew members. The ability to cope with the stresses of separation whilst exercising tolerance towards others on the ship is therefore essential. In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn to accept, later as ships Officers, a higher level of responsibility than would be expected at a similar age in most other professions and possess the leadership qualities necessary to direct the work of others, often under difficult circumstances. Self-reliance, self-discipline, initiative and the ability to work as part of a team are also part of the training as well as the commercial awareness and management skills demanded in todays competitive shipping industry. 1.3 The Roles of Navigation (Deck), Marine Engineering, and Electro Technical Officers Navigation (Deck) Officers Navigation Officers maintain watches on the bridge at sea and about the ship in port. They are responsible for passage planning, the safe navigation of the ship, cargo loading and discharge, ship stability, communications, and the maintenance of the hull and deck equipment. The ships Captain or Master is in overall command with ultimate responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo, and environment. Only navigation Officers can be promoted to the rank of Master. Marine Engineering Officers Marine Engineering Officers are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the ships main propulsion machinery and auxiliary plant, including deck machinery, air conditioning plants, refrigeration plants, and domestic and electrical services. Depending on the type of ship and operational circumstances, Engineer Officers will be required to keep watches in the ships Engine Room. The Chief Engineer Officer is in charge of the department and is responsible to the ships Master for its efficient operation. Whilst the law demands that only one person can be in overall command of the ship and by tradition that person is the Master, the Chief Engineer Officers status and salary is very similar to that enjoyed by the Master. Electro-Technical Officers (ETOs) These specialist officers work within the Engineering Department where they take particular responsibility for the maintenance of on board control engineering and electronic systems including propulsion control, radio communications and electronic navigation aids. OFFICER CADET PROGRAMMES TO BE OFFERED BY THE MARITIME ACADEMY The Maritime Academy shall offer 3 or 31/2 year Officer Cadet training programmes according to National and International (STCW) requirements, which will lead to professional certification by the Academy and either a degree qualification or a Higher National Diploma (HND). Officer Cadets following the Degree route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and a foundation Degree in either Marine Operations (Deck cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine ETO Cadets). Successful candidates will then have the opportunity to top-up their academic qualification to an Honours Degree, achieving either a BSc (Hons) in Marine Operations Management (Deck Cadets) or a BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. Officer Cadets following the HND route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and an HND in either Nautical Science (Deck Cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine and ETO Cadets). After gaining initial Academy certification, junior officers prepare for the higher certificates of competency, leading finally to a Master Mariners or Chief Engineers Certificate of Competency, by a combination of sea service and Academy based training. Promotion to senior officer rank depends rather on merit than simply the possession of a senior certificate. The Academy may arrange, through various international shipping companies, for the Officer Cadets to obtain the required sea experience. OFFICER CADETS TRAINING PROGRAMMES PROGRAMME ENTRY REQUIREMENTS Deck Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Operations, with top-up to BSc(Hons) in marine Operations Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, preferably including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Nautical Science Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BSc(Hons) in Marine Operations Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) Engine/ETO Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Engineering, with top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Marine Engineering Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) UCAS TARIFF FOR ACCESS TO DEGREE COURSES UCAS Points GCE A Level GCE AS Level GCC Nationals (Award) Key Skills 120 Grade A Distinction 100 Grade B 80 Grade C Merit 72 60 Grade D Grade A 50 Grade B 48 42 40 Grade E Grade C Pass 30 Grade D Level 4 20 Grade E Level 3 10 Level 2 The 120 UCAS points required for Academys maritime Foundation Degrees can be made up of any combination of qualifications. No UCAS credit is given for GCSEs but Foundation Degree students will be required to hold GCSE Mathematics (minimum Grade C, preferably higher tier syllabus), English and a GCSE science with a significant content of Physical Science. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS Officer Cadets must have good health and be capable of passing the Merchant Navy Medical Examination tests. Navigating Officer Cadets must also have normal colour vision and be able to pass the Academys Sight Test, although corrective lenses may be acceptable in some cases. COURSE STRUCTURES Each Officer Cadet programme consists of a number of training phases, alternating between phases at the Academy and phases at sea aboard a shipping companys vessels. At the Academy, Officer Cadets will develop the academic underpinning knowledge (UPK) required for professional certification, and also undertake specific safety courses required by International Convention (STCW 95). While aboard ship, Officer Cadets will gain practical shipboard experience and develop their operational competency as watchkeeping Officers. In addition to their academic studies, Officer Cadets must undertake a number of safety and survival courses during their cadetship. These include the following: Personal Survival Techniques (PST) Personal Social and Safety Responsibilities (PSSR) Basic Fire Fighting (BFF) Elementary First Aid (EFA) Medical First Aid aboard ship (MFA) Certificate of Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats (CPSC RB) Advanced Fire Fighting In addition Deck cadets must complete the following courses: Efficient Deck Hand (EDH) Global Maritime Distress and Safety System General Operators Certificate (GMDSS) Navigation, Radar and ARPA Simulation Training: Operational Level (NARAS O) NAVIGATING (DECK) OFFICERS 5.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 15 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. Intro to EDH / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Foundation degree (FdSc) units: Maritime Analytical Methods Navigation Ship Operations Phase 2 (At Sea) 35 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Deck Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdSc) units: Meteorology Cargo operations Voyage Planning Shipboard Management Marine Operations Command Management NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 47 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Deck Training Book Phase 5 Part 1 5 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning and any outstanding academic assessments prior to award of: Foundation Degree (FdSc) in Marine Operations Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management 5.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 16 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course, including Academic Study Skills, Mathematics Foundation and introductions to Navigation, General Ship Knowledge and Ship and Port Operations. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) Intro to EDH and PSC and RB / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 36 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 1 preparation) Phase 3 28 Weeks HND Level 1 units (STCW II/1 UPK): Navigation Passage Planning Watchkeeping and Communications Ship Construction, Cargo ad Stability Law and Management For SQA examinations NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 48 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 2 and MCA Orals preparation) Phase 5 17 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks For completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to Chief Mate Master Level) STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB Preparation for SQA/MCA written and oral examinations Successful completion of HND level 1 units, SQA/MCA written and oral examinations and STCW short courses leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end of cadetship. HND Level 2 units (STCW II/2 UPK) Command Passage Planning Advanced Ship Stability and Construction Cargo and Port Operations Law and Management for Mates and Masters Bridge and Engineering Systems Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Mate/Master level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 6.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 7.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training/Introduction to Electronics Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further Mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Electronic Principles and Systems / Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering Management / Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of: MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Part 1 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, Materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 6 Part 2 ENEM GMDSS 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic Navigation Systems Navigation Systems Fault Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates Phase 7 (At sea/on leave) Blended learning Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to the award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology / Introduction to Electronics STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project Electronic Principles and Systems MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of EOOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions up to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management Phase 6 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic navigational Systems Navigation Systems Full Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates AFTER THE OFFICER CADETSHIP NAVIGATION OFFICERS NEWLY QUALIFIED Navigation (Deck) Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 3rd Officer, undertaking bridge watchkeeping duties at sea and operational duties in port, with responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo and environment. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to certification as ships Captain (Master) and possibly to the command of their own vessel. Numerous opportunities also exist for qualified navigation Officers ashore. Shipping companies often recruit shore based superintendents and fleet operations staff from their seagoing officers. Harbour Authorities recruit experienced officers to train as Pilots, Harbour Masters and Port Operations managers, while Classification Societies and Marine Insurance Companies require the fficers skill and experience to fill such roles as hull and cargo surveyors. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while Marine Colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS Newly qualified Marine Engineering Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 4th Engineer Officer, undertaking engine room watchkeeping duties and having responsibility for the safe and efficient operation of the ships main propulsion unit and other vitl services. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to the higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to the Chief Engineer Officers Certificate and possibly to the position of Chief Engineer Officer. Marine Engineering Officers acquire a range of transferable skills through professional development and experience, which have many applications in jobs ashore both related and unrelated to the marine industries. Shipping companies often recruit their shore based engineering superintendents from seagoing staff, and Classification societies and marine insurance companies recruit their surveyors from the same source. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while maritime colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. ELECTRO TECHNICAL OFFICERS After completing the cadetship, ETOs have the choice of following a similar career path to that of Marine Engineering Officer (as above) or remaining within the ETO specialisation. Job opportunities and career progression within the ETO specialisation will depend on the shipping company concerned.

A Case Study of Operational Strategies Adopted By Jyoti Remedies Essay

The global Pharmaceutical sector is worth US$300 billion and this is expected to rise to US$400 billion within three years. With 10 largest drugs companies controlling over one-third of the market, several have sales of more than US$10 billion a year and profit margins of about 30%. Of the top 10 six are based in the United States and four in Europe. It is predicted that North and South America, Europe and Japan will continue to account for a full 85% of the global pharmaceuticals market well into the 21st century. (wikipedia, 2014) In 2006, the US contributed 52 per cent of the pharmaceutical sector's growth, while the seven emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey referred to as â€Å"pharmerging† contributed 16 per cent combined. This year the pharmerging economies are expected to account for 51 per cent of the industry's growth, while the US has declined to -19 per cent. The Pharmerging Countries:- In reviewing each of the world’s emerging economies, the upcoming major players are generally classified as pharmerging countries and further they are divided in to three tier. (money control, 2014) Tier 1: China. With a GDP of more than $8 trillion, China is the world’s third-largest pharmaceutical market. Most of the growth in China come from branded generic products manufactured and marketed by established domestic companies, although demand for innovative products from multinational companies is rising in the country’s leading urban centres. Tier 2: Brazil, Russia and India. These countries are each expected to add $5-15 billion in annual pharmaceutical sales by 2014. Brazil and Russia both have achieved consistent double-digit pharmaceutical sales growth in recent years, while ... ...ogi, R. (2011). The indian pharma sutical industry: the emperical study. the emperical study, 40-48. Schuh and compay. (2013). Operational excellence in pharmaceutical indusry. 3-13. Jyoti Remedies. (2014, march 10). jyoti remedies. Retrieved from Jyothi remedies: http://www.jyotiremedies.com/html/index.html money control. (2014, March). Money Control. Retrieved from http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/top-companies-in-wor;d/net-sales-bse/pharmaceuticals.html reserch and markets. (2014, march 10). Retrieved from reserchandmarkets: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2043060/industry_insight_crams_contract_research wikipedia. (2014, march 10). wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry wikipedia. (2014, march 10). wikipedia. Retrieved from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India

Television and College Life Essay -- Television TV

Television and College Life After a long day of classes, I just like to lie down on the couch and relax while watching my favorite television show. Like me, this is how many college students end the day. After conducting a series of surveys and interviews, I realized that, even though we all like to watch our favorite shows, we prefer different shows and watch them at different times in different ways. My overall goal was to determine if there was any difference in television viewing based upon gender. In addition, I hoped to learn: how much TV college students watch per day; if viewers look forward to watching a particular show; if college students use TV as an escape from the everyday pressures; and, if they â€Å"channel surf† or remain with one channel throughout an entire program. Before beginning my survey, I had some preconceived notions about the types of answers that I would obtain. I decided to survey ten college students. I included five male and five female subjects in my survey to be equitable as well as to determine preferences based upon gender in my results. I surveyed two of my male roommates and one female roommate. The remaining participants were random friends who visited our house. This was an easy and effective way to conduct my surveys. Having so many roommates means there are always a variety of people who come and go from our residence. Although this was a simple way to conduct my survey, I was not certain that it would be an accurate sampling. Even though there were a variety of individuals frequenting our house, they seemed to possess many similarities. My fears were unfounded because those surveyed preferred various programs, providing the basis for unbiased results... ...been something like ER or Ally Mcbeal. IUP has 15,000 students; this survey was only a small sampling of the University’s student population. To get more accurate results, I might have surveyed a larger sample of people or included people whom I do not know. Also, I should have conducted interviews with more people whom I do not know well. These changes would have provided a better insight into what type of viewers and viewing habits of people I do not know. Although my results were not what I expected, I am very pleased about what I learned. I have conducted interviews before, but I have never conducted a survey. It was challenging yet interesting to draw up the questions for the survey. In this way I was able to ask questions to which I wanted the answers. Overall I felt this was a worthwhile experience that was educational and enlightening.

Education Essay

Some students apply for admission only to their first-choice school, while others apply to several schools. Which plan do you agree with, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion. I am of the opinion that is better to apply to several schools instead of only to your first-choice school. I think that this plan gives you more options to be accepted in one university, help you improve your applications and open you other opportunities that you could not have considered. I think that applying to just one school is very risky. Probably, you first-choice school is one of the best of the country so it receives a lot of applications each year and the selection process is extremely competitive. Therefore, you have to consider that the odds of not being accepted are high. If this is the case, you will have to wait until the next year to go to the university. I think that taking this risk is unnecessary and you avoid it by simply applying to more than one school. Secondly, doing all the paper work for different universities lets you improve your applications. As different universities ask you to write about different aspects of your personality, interests, goals, etc. you learn more about yourself. As a result, you can improve all your applications, especially the one for your first-choice school, and your chances to be admitted increase. Finally, doing the application process for other schools than your first-option school lets you know other universities. Sometimes, when you finish high school, you just consider one university. This might be the one where your parents or brother go, and the one which your favorite professor recommended you. However, there could be other good universities with different academic curricula and some of these other schools could even fit to your goals and interest better. Exploring and applying to other schools, give you the opportunity to learn more about these other schools. Therefore, I think that applying to more than one schools have many advantages. It is a less risky plan, lets you improve your application and open you to new opportunities in other schools. Moreover, the cost of this plan is low because once you have done one applications, the following ones are much easier and takes far less time.

The Wealth of Nations

The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organizations. Synopsis I: Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour Of the Division of Labour: Division of labour has caused a greater increase in production than any other factor. This diversification is greatest for nations with more industry and improvement, and is responsible for â€Å"universal opulence† in those countries. Agriculture is less amenable than industry to division of labour; hence, rich nations are not so far ahead of poor nations in agriculture as in industry. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour: Division of labour arises not from innate wisdom, but from humans' propensity to barter. The apparent difference in natural talents between people is a result of specialization, rather than any innate cause. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market: Limited opportunity for exchange discourages division of labour. Because â€Å"water-carriage† extends the market, division of labour, with its improvements, comes earliest to cities near waterways. Civilization began around the highly navigable Mediterranean Sea†¦ Of the Origin and Use of Money: With division of labour, the producer of one's own labour can fill only a small part of one's needs. Different commodities have served as a common medium of exchange, but all nations have finally settled on metals, which are durable and divisible, for this purpose. Before coinage, people had to weigh and assay with each exchange, or risk â€Å"the grossest frauds and impositions. Thus nations began stamping metal, on one side only, to ascertain purity, or on all sides, to stipulate purity and amount. The quantity of real metal in coins has diminished, due to the â€Å"avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states,† enabling them to pay their debts in appearance only, and to the defraudment of creditors. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money: Smith gives two conflicting definitions of the relative value of a commodity. Adam Smith, â€Å"What everything really costs to the man, who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. What everything is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people. That this is really the foundation of the exchangeable value of all things, excepting those which cannot be increased by human industry, is a doctrine of the utmost importance in political economy. â€Å"The value of any commodity †¦ is equal to the quantity of labour which it enables him to purchase or command. Labour, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. † Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities: Smith argues that the price of any product reflects wages, rent of land and â€Å"†¦ profit of stock,† which compensates the capitalist for risking his resources. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities: â€Å"When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay†¦ annot be supplied with the quantity which they want†¦ Some of them will be willing to give more. A competition will begin among them, and the market price will rise†¦ When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither†¦ The market price will sink†¦ † When demand exceeds supply, the price goes up. When the supply exceeds demand, the price goes down. Of the Wages of Labour: Smith describes how the wages of labour are dictated primarily by the competition among laborers and masters. When laborers bid against one another for limited opportunities for employment, the wages of labour collectively fall, whereas when employers compete against one another for limited supplies of labour, the wages of labour collectively rise. However, this process of competition is often circumvented by combinations among laborers and among masters. When laborers combine and no longer bid against one another, their wages rise, whereas when masters combine, wages fall. Of the Profits of Stock: Smith uses interest rates as an indicator of the profits of stock. This is because interest can only be paid with the profits of stock, and so creditors will be able to raise rates in proportion to the increase or decrease of the profits of their debtors. Smith argues that the profits of stock are inversely proportional to the wages of labour, because as more money is spent compensating labour, there is less remaining for personal profit. It follows that, in societies where competition among laborers is greatest relative to competition among employers, profits will be much higher. Smith illustrates this by comparing interest rates in England and Scotland. In England, government laws against usury had kept maximum interest rates very low, but even the maximum rate was believed to be higher than the rate at which money was usually loaned. In Scotland, however, interest rates are much higher. This is the result of a greater proportion of capitalists in England, which offsets some competition among laborers and raises wages. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock: Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate the government into doing their bidding. At the time, these were referred to as â€Å"factions,† but are now more commonly called â€Å"special interests,† a term that can comprise international bankers, corporate conglomerations, outright oligopolies, trade unions and other groups. Indeed, Smith had a particular distrust of the tradesman class. He felt that the members of this class, especially acting together within the guilds they want to form, could constitute a power block and manipulate the state into regulating for special interests against the general interest: â€Å"People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary. † Smith also argues against government subsidies of certain trades, because this will draw many more people to the trade than what would otherwise be normal, collectively lowering their wages. Motivates an understanding of the idea of feudalism. Of the Rent of the Land: Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is naturally the highest the tenant can afford in the actual circumstances of the land. In adjusting lease terms, the landlord endeavors to leave him no greater share of the produce than what is sufficient to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighborhood. This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him anymore. Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavors to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land. II: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock Of the Division of Stock: â€Å"When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it. He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavors by his labour to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether. His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only. This is the state of the greater part of the laboring poor in all countries. † â€Å"But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavors to derive revenue from the greater part of it; reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in. His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into two parts. That part which, he expects, is to afford him this revenue, is called his capital. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society: â€Å"That the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and bringing them to market: that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock: and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour: but that the price of every commodity necessarily resolves itself into some one, or other, or all of these three parts; every part of it which goes neither to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to somebody. † Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour: â€Å"One sort of labour ads to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed: there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive; the latter, unproduct ive labour. Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance and of his master's profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing. † Of Stock Lent at Interest: â€Å"The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender. He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that in the meantime the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it. The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption. If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value with a profit. He can, in this case, both restore the capital and pay the interest without alienating or encroaching upon any other source of revenue. If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates in the maintenance of the idle what was destined for the support of the industrious. He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest without either alienating or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land. † The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter. III: Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations Of the Natural Progress of Opulence: â€Å"The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of crude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money. The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture. The town repays this supply by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very roperly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. † Of the Discouragement of Agriculture: â€Å"Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire†. â€Å"When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman Empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries. The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the ancient inhabitants interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country. The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated, and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman Empire, sunk into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism. During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired or usurped to themselves the greater part of the lands of those countries. A great part of them was uncultivated; but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor. All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors. This original engrossing of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil. They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels either by succession or by alienation. The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession: the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation. † Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of the Roman Empire: â€Å"The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favored than those of the country. They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy. These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it convenient to build their houses in the neighborhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the sake of common defense. After the fall of the Roman Empire, on the contrary, the proprietors of land seem generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants. The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, which seem in those days to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition. The privileges which we find granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe sufficiently show what they were before those grants. The people to whom it is granted as a privilege that they might give away their own daughters in marriage without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether or very nearly in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country. † How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country: Smith often harshly criticized those who act purely out of self-interest and greed, and warns that, â€Å"†¦ for us, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind. † IV: Of Systems of political Economy Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System: Specifically, The Wealth of Nations attacks, inter alia, two major tenets of mercantilism: 1. The idea that protectionist tariffs serve the economic interests of a nation (or indeed any purpose whatsoever) and 2. The idea that large reserve of gold bullion or other precious metals are necessary for a country's economic success. Of the extraordinary Restraints: â€Å"Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous†. Of Drawbacks: Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive foreign sale for their goods. Of Treaties of Commerce: When a nation binds itself by treaty either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favored, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty. Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them. That country becomes a market both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs: more advantageous, because the merchants of the favored country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations. † Of Colonies: Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies: The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies was not altogether as plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome. Causes of Prosperity of new Colonies: The colonists carry out with them knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts superior to what can grow up of its own accord in the course of many centuries among savage and barbarous nations. They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the system of laws which supports it, and of a regular administration of justice; and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement. Of the Agricultural Systems: â€Å"Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land, as either the Sole or the Principal, Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country†. V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth Smith postulated four â€Å"maxims† of taxation: proportionality, transparency, convenience, and efficiency. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth: On taxation Smith wrote, â€Å"The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respe ctively enjoy under the protection of the state. The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. † Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society: In his discussion of taxes â€Å"The necessaries of life occasion the great expense of the poor. † They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it. The luxuries and vanities of life occasion the principal expense of the rich, and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess. A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich; and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be anything very unreasonable. It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion. † Of War and Public Debts: â€Å"†¦ when war comes politicians are both unwilling and unable to increase their tax revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense. They are unwilling for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be disgusted with the war †¦ The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment †¦ By means of borrowing they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war, and by the practice of perpetually funding they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes [to pay the interest on the debt], to raise annually the largest possible sum of money [to fund the war †¦ The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war. These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted in order to carry it on. † Smith then goes on to say that even if money was set aside from future revenues to pay for the debts of war, it seldom actually gets used to pay down the debt. Politicians are inclined to spend the money on some other scheme that will win the favor of their constituents. Hence, interest payments rise and war debts continue to grow larger, well beyond the end of the war. Impact– United States James Madison, in a speech given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: â€Å"The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office: This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations†. Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Novell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on â€Å"the subjects of money & commerce, Smith's Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Say's Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass & more lucid manner†. Two views of the â€Å"Wealth of Nations† The â€Å"Wealth of Nations† is therefore inhomogeneous and consists of the earlier elements of an individualistic strain in the tradition of Aristotle, Puffendorf and Hutcheson, Smith’s teacher, – elements compatible with a neoclassical theory – and the classical theory Smith learned in France. Smith’s classical message is what he states at the very beginning: the two ways to create the â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. First, make productive labour even more productive by enhancing markets to deepen the division of labour (moving the neoclassical production curve to the right); and second, use more labour productively instead of unproductively, i. e. produce more goods and services that are inputs to the next economic reproduction circle, as opposed to goods used up in final consumption. In the words of Adam Smith: â€Å"The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes †¦ This produce †¦ bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it †¦ But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; First, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, Secondly, by the proportion between the numbers of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.