Children and Young People Behaviour Essay

Describe the benefits of encouraging and rewarding children’s positive behaviour. It is a necessity for a care provider to reward positive behaviour as positive reinforcement is vital for a child’s development. If you only punish a child for negative behaviour and not rewarding positive behaviour as well it will make the child develop a distort view of cause and affect, leaving them unsure of what is positive behaviour. This will then lead onto the child acting in a negative way in order to receive attention as it’s the only way they know how to get attention. Encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour balances out this problem and makes children want to try and receive positive rewards. The child will learn that doing something good will give them the right attention that they deserve and less likely to act out in a negative way for attention. Rewarding a child for their good behaviour encourages them to want to try new things so that they can receive even more praise therefore giving them more confidence and self-esteem. The confidence to try new things allows the child to learn new things and develop in many different ways. Care givers should be aware that not all rewards have to be big and a simple high five and a smile or a sticker will encourage a child to maintain good behaviour. For example if a child is learning how to write the letters, saying â€Å"well done† and giving the child after each attempt will make them want to keep trying until the can write the letter correctly. Describe behaviour problems that children and young children may display at different ages and that should be referred to others. Whom should these be referred to? Young children may develop a number of different â€Å"behaviour problems† during their development. A common behaviour problem is biting which normally starts around the age of 18 months. Although it may seem as if the child is being aggressive it is important for care providers to remember that it is a form of exploration, children use their mouths to explore as it is one of the most developed parts of their bodies. Infants don’t have self-control at this young age so they could bite someone when they feel excited or even for no reason and because they see something close that they can bite. When this trait continues when the child is a toddler it is still out of frustration, if a child is unable to communicate using their words they get frustrated not being able to get their message across therefore bite instead. Care providers should speak together with the child’s parents or guardian in rder to devise a plan of action on how to handle the situation. However if the situation is still a behaviour problem for a child who is over the age of 3 years it will be taken more seriously as the main causes for biting are no self-control and lack of communication but at this age most children have both of these qualities so their reason for biting may be different such as attention seeking. Further help may need to be asked for by a specialist in behaviour management in order to find a speci fic solution for the behaviour problem. Temper tantrums occur for most toddlers. The reason that temper tantrums are used as the child gets frustrated that they can’t control their environment around them and the actions of others. For example if a child asks to go and play outside but the care providers at their nursery tells them no they would throw themselves on the floor and shout, the beginning of their tantrum. Language has not fully developed for toddlers so they may not understand why they may not be allowed to do what they wish. It has been shown through studying young children that a high percentage of children will snatch toys, push other children over or fight with other children. They may not have reached the stage in their development when they understand some things are theirs, some things belong to others and some things are shared between children (for example nursery toys) At the age of 5 years this is when a child would transition into school. This may be due to separation anxiety or having to interact with people they are not familiar with. Trouble adapting to their new environment could cause behaviour problems such as not wanting to operate with the new rules in their school. However at the age of 5 language is much more developed and parents can explain to the child and reassure them to make them feel more comfortable and get used to their new environment. Although they have come very far in their development by this age there are still more things for a child to achieve from the age of five years. This can result in the child becoming very frustrated with themselves if they can’t do something â€Å"perfectly† as they may not get the results they want when completing a task such as drawing a picture of their parents. At the age of five years the child may also try to test limits as they are exploring their independence. This will be shown through talking about or simple not listening to instructions when told to do something. Whining and tantrums are also sometimes still common at this age as the child has only recently left pre-school and have not developed enough to understand that there are other ways of expressing themselves. In order to resolve this behaviour problem it is down to the school to keep reminding the child what is expected of them and try to encourage and reward positiove behaviour. Talking to parents is key as you can work together to try and resolve a problem that may only be temporary due to the child’s age. It is important for both parents and child providers to remember tat what may seem like disobedience may simple be a lack or language or lack of attention and most cases of â€Å"disruptive behaviour† will be grown out of as the child develops in all aspects. For example a child of two and a half years has not developed many communication skills so growls at the other children in the pre school instead of talking. Although this behaviour is unacceptable the child should simple be spoken explaining that its not nice and focus on the underlying problem which is the speech elay and try to encourage the speech instead. If through the helkp of the care providers at the pre school and the parents can’t speed along the speech then a speech and language specialist may be needed in order to help the child.

India needs leadership Essay

India being a strong democratic country doesn’t really need a dictator. It may just lead to disruption. India is a big country. People live in harmony and are known for their unity. A dictator may not be able to maintain this. Few people may again misunderstand dictatorship and may think it defies the purpose of freedom. Dictatorship may bring very short term changes. A country needs a strong government. Dictatorship may introduce communal differences depending on the community of the dictator. Human rights can be certainly bypassed. It may lead to disorganization and malfunctioning of the law and order system of the country. For A dictator can easily help us get rid of the dirt in politics. A very small community of people actually understands the meaning of democracy and don’t make misuse of it. For over decades, India is trying to get rid of poverty, may be, a dictator can help in this aspect. A dictator can help the citizens realize the meaning of democracy and freedom. Whether a country has a dictator or not, freedom of speech and rights is what matters to any citizen. It is a myth that smaller countries usually need dictatorship. We cannot forget the smaller country has the same human species with the same human rights as in other countries. Discussion board though Dictatorship may banish dirty politics and corruption from india, I think that choosing is a dictator will end the right to speak ability which evrey indian has!! peole may lost democracy.. and ultimately dictatorship will give born to another hitlar or gaddafi or saddam where human right is was snatched. So india will be a heaven of silence. . India needs strong dictator India doesn’t need a dictator but, it certainly need a strong democratic alliance, which can take some tough decision on the problems which are rising in India. India need a group of people who are not afraid to take some strict actions and go against the law if necessary to bring some fruitful result. For example bihar , UP etc. are under lots of terrorism so if there is a good government which can take some measure to curb the corruption and terrorism then we don’t require a dictator. Democracy should be above all the law, for example they should pass the LOKPAL which is being supported by democracy then lots of things can be done, but the government and the people in the parliament are not strong enough to see the viewpoint and not ready to make changes. India needs a strong dictator There are various opinions of one but do we really want to go the middle east way? Do we really want another Gaddafi or Bashar amidst us? Democracy prevents wars from happening, promotes nThere are two kinds of reasons why India doesn’t need a dictator: strategic, and ethical. First strategic. Against- In a democratic country like India, divided into various layers and clusters based on caste, religion, gender, region, ethnic and other basis, democracy is a great leveler because of two reasons: each person’s value is one (as a vote) and secondly, most people feel that they have a stake in this system, particularly those who vote, and we have very high voting percentages across the world for democratic nations for our elections, particularThe only thing is whether they will justify it or like Thackeray, proudly say they did the wrong thing and ask others to challenge it if they dare to. When Indian people feel they have no stake in a system (they really won’t have a stake, because there is no MLA or MP they can go to in case the bureaucracy strikes at their rights), they will take to protest. A dictator will not allow non-violent protests most certainly, so they will take to violent protests someday. That will only mean violence and secession. India’s experience shows us that it is extension of democracy which solves our problems, be it in Mizoram or to an extent now in Assam, not dictatorship or army rule as seen in Kashmir. If India had a dictatorship earlier during the time of independence, states like Tamil Nadu and Assam as well as North-East would have done all to secede somehow. Thankfully, because democracy was there and Nehru believed strongly in it, we accommodated regional aspirations and that is why those issues were solved. And our issues can only be resolved in this way. Now ethical. I agree that a dictator can take decisions quickly, and democracy is always messy, not just in India but in general anywhere. But development is nothing without equity, because development is for whom? Human beings. And it should be for all. Those who have no stake in such development will engage in violence sooner or later.ly at local and provincial levels. Once you introduce dictatorship, let’s face it, the dictator will have a certain identity and do things as he/she likes. Indira Gandhi is a good example. It’s good in theory to think of benign dictators, but no dictator has ever been benign in the world, and no one can guarantee that someone will be a benign dictator. Even Manmohan Singh, the most soft-spoken of Indian politicians will not be a benign dictator, forget anyone else. Dictators will relish the power they have and soon use it to do wrongon aggression and freedom of expression. A country like India needs a democratic government which can work together as a unit to unite people around them which would in return help the country to develop. And it’s their right to have such stake, every human’s right. So democracy will be messy when it takes into consideration every human’s right in each and every development issue. But that equity in taking decisions is as much important as the decision itself. That is democracy. We have to accept it. It can’t be one man show or one party show. It has to be every person engaged in the decision. For- A resounding yes! As a common man i am ashamed to the stinking, shamelessly twisted ,grossly illogical and unimaginable twisting of democracy has taken this nation to. so called leaders who are better off cleaning ditches are rolling on the dirt of corruption, greed and power with their deaths no where in sight Ok lets VOTE for change! Hell no Its voting for ONE ‘dirty excuse of a human being’ or the Other filthy B–t-rd Fools (no†¦ fools are decent) â€Å"pathetic excuse for the word fool† who are barely biologically human & who cant even manage themselves are trying to manage(make it mismanage and loot) ministries and states What India needs a strong and well minded dictator (No Idi-amins) who will rebuild the nation execute/exile for ever(a hidden secret Guantanamo bay) the corrupted-septic-infected politicians ranging from Kerala to Kashmir and rule wisely till India matures to be democracy or till no descendants of filthy politicians remain. What will it take to overcome India of its worst-in-the-world-corruption , its antique and grossly inefficient government ,judiciary & worst of all politicians who still ravage the nation†¦.Any such movement i am ready to participate as a true patriot to the nation†¦.I CARE but i don’t know how i can make a difference†¦.we need a revolution and strong dictator (No maoists please)†¦..Will there be a way ..is there a leader who we can support †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦one among the clean poiticians who will have the guts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦help us pls Its a scream for help from a helpless citizen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.looking for a way to liberate his fellow Indians from the satanical clutch India is in†¦.help us†¦help us help us patriots waiting to serve the nation For- It’s been more than sixty-five years since India achieved independence. The effort, toil, blood and passion of our respected freedom fighters gave us the India of today. It was their ultimate dream to craft a nation whose members were free and an integral part of the country’s decision making. The Indian democracy with its much detailed Constitution was a result of their dream. Sixty-five years on, India might be free and those running the nation might be the elected representatives of the masses, but India continues to be plagued by the same old problems of poverty, economic inequality, illiteracy, population, widespread corruption and the same old socio-economic issues. It is perhaps the time of an able, strong-minded, powerful dictator to take hold of the country and cleanse the entire system. Here is a look at 10 reasons why this might prove effective for the country:- †¢ Dictatorship will breed development though straightforward decision making: A dictator being the all powerful head of the state will face no opposition from other parties as in a democracy. He will thus have complete freedom to execute his decisions which might breed development. †¢ Better control the variables of human development: One of the biggest examples is China (a Communist country) where the population has been brought under control by the government, through the one-child norm policy which is virtually impossible in the Indian democracy. †¢ Dictatorship is a more economic institution: In a country like India where poverty is a lingering problem, it is but a luxury to spend lakhs on a single election. Dictatorship is thus a far more economic institution. †¢ Dictatorships regimes can be a path for countries to move on from civil wars and focus on development: China can be used as an example yet again, as the country has been almost absolutely insulated from wars and terrorist attacks. †¢ Dictatorships have flexibility in economic policy that breeds growth: Democracy can often stagnate economic development. An example is West Bengal where the Tata group could not establish their factory in Singur due to stiff resistance from the opposition party in the government. †¢ Dictatorship helps achieve social stability: Yes it does. †¢ The longer lasting and biggest economic miracles have occurred under dictatorships : An example is Hitler’s reign in Germany. â€Å"The Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, at a time when its economy was in total collapse, with ruinous war-reparation obligations and zero prospects for foreign investment or credit. Yet through an independent monetary policy of sovereign credit and a full-employment public-works program, the Third Reich was able to turn a bankrupt Germany, stripped of overseas colonies it could exploit, into the strongest economy in Europe within four years, even before armament spending began.† †¢ Dictatorship breeds order: In a country like India where law and order is disrupted time and again, dictatorship is definitely going to help out. Even in the 21st century Indian women are vulnerable and rape and molestation cases are reported throughout the country from upscale Delhi to the remote  villages of Burdwan. India needs a really strong leader who can make the country safe enough for our women to move around fearlessly, with their heads held high. †¢ Dictators have incentives to promote development and diminish social differences: A lot of readers might still be optimistic enough to feel that democracy will spell better days for India, but as a youth frustrated with the current situation of my country I feel that we really need a change and dictatorship may just be the way out for a better, brighter India.

Strikes in the Early 1930’s

Strikes were common place in the early 1930†³s in all industrial and manufacturing corporations. They were used to win power away from the corporate giants, and put it in the hands of the working class. Labor used strikes for a variety of reasons, some for higher wages, some for working conditions, some for safety on the job, and still others for recognition. In a book entitled, â€Å"I Remember Like Today: The Auto-Lite Strike of 1934† Philip A. Korth and Margaret R. Beegle compile an oral history account of this fight for the rights of the working class. To gain the knowledge acquired for this book, the authors searched high and low to ind the living survivors of this turning point for organized labor in Toledo. After discovering the individuals who could help, the investigators interviewed and then recorded the men and women†s accounts of the strike. Then they transcribed the interviews verbatim. This method provides for a more personal approach to learning what had happened in the strike. It allows the reader to see what actually happen through the The book is a collection statements, stories, and feelings of the men and women involved in the strike. Each individual tells their story based on headings, and that is what complied the chapters. In this method, the reader gets to hear all sides of the story because Korth and Beegle get some who were union supports, union organizers, some who were strike breakers, management. Certainly no critic can say, this book only tells one All of the forth-coming events, activities, and problems took place in Toledo, Ohio at the Electric Auto-Lite Company. The Electric Auto-Lite Company was a part of the automotive assembly industry. It used mainly unskilled workers to operate the machinery, and the machinery was that There were two separate strikes at Auto-Lite. The first was used to orce the company into recognizing the union; that was the first step towards collective bargaining†¦ recognition. It stared on February 23, lasted only four days, and resulted in the reinstatement of the 15 workers who walked out, and an agreement. The workers won the battle but that was a long way from winning the war. Auto-Lite gave the union a 30-day contract, which basically stated the company would recognize the union for thirty days, but even in that thirty days the company refused to recognize the union as a bargaining representative of the workers. When this thirty ays reached its conclusion, the union was no better off then when it started. In fact in those thirty days the company was preparing itself for a strike. They started mass hiring new workers, so they could keep running the company if the labor walked out. The second strike began on April 13, and consisted of some 400 Auto-Lite workers. The strike seemingly divided the work force equally, as many went in as picketed. Then on May 3, a court injunction restricted the number of picketers at one time to a minuscule twenty-five. This rallied the surrounding men and women in the area to unite and break this injunction hat limited all of their freedom. On May 21, 22, and 23 more then 6,000 men and women united in front of Auto-Lite to hear speakers and to protest the company, along with protesting the court injunction. This is when the real trouble started for the company and the picketers. On May 23, A young women by the name of Alma Hand was stuck by a steel bracket which caused a riot among the crowd, and which initiated a raid on the building. The deputies fired tear gas at the would be invaders to stop them from storming the facility. That night a raging crowd refused to allow the scabs off the premises. After this episode, the Ohio National Guard was called in to restore the peace. These guardsmen only worsened the situation. On the next day, May 24, they charged the crowd wounding 12, then firing their rifles and killing one, then later that same day, they fired once again wounding two more picketers. By the 26th of May, with demands that the plant be closed and the Guard withdraw, another tragic confrontation occurred. The crowd attacked the Guard, 200 were injured and 50 were arrested. The plant remained closed for the following week and did not reopen until June 5. At this point, the strikers had emerged victorious. After all the hardships, injuries, and deaths, the union had been established and recognized. This was a shallow victory at first due to a number of circumstances. First of all, the old workers who remained at work throughout the strike had preference during the rehiring process. Secondly, betrayers who associated themselves with management formed their own bargaining organization called the Auto-Lite Council. This organization acquired for them preference in rehiring. The Auto-Lite Council soon diminished in numbers, while Local 18384 was increasing dramatically. This was due to the realization that the strikers were the ones who had won them collective bargaining, not the Auto-Lite Council. Therefore, their loyalties lied with the organization that had created the situation in which they had more power, respect, and The Auto-Lite strike is a perfect example of how the labor movement has advanced. The first strike only involved a mediocre 15 men. The second strike reached out to about 50% of the work force. The men and women of Auto-Lite had embraced their union and made it their own. This represents the labor movement because at the start only about million workers were unionized. At the pinnacle of the movement nearly 50% of the work force was organized, the number was in excess of 10 million individuals. Workers saw how the union could help them. They saw solidarity and unity, which when combined produced a force to be reckoned with. The union provided for higher wages, more benefits, and better working conditions. This idea is what attracted more members and this belief is what united the men and women at Auto-Lite. The strike also represents the risks and hardships accepted by the organizers who take on the challenge of forming a union. The 15 who went out in the first Auto-Lite strike took the chance of losing their jobs and hampering their families welfare to form a union just to help every worker in the plant. The men also accepted that they were going to lose their jobs and would have to fight for reinstatement. But all the risks taken, and all the brief hardships felt were well worth it considering the ends. Their union was recognized. Not to the extent they wished, but nonetheless they won recognition, which catapulted them to eventual complete victory. This result was not always the case. In some strikes the union failed nd the workers lost big. To the credit of the workers, their supporters, and their organizers the men and women of Auto-Lite were triumphant and won the fight of all fights; to gain respect, power, and recognition. This event was the turning point in labor relations in the city of Toledo. It gave confindence and self worth to the working class, and stripped the company management of their unimpeded omnipotence. The Auto-Lite Strike of 1934 changed the entire way that company operations were run, and for that, those who work in Toledo should be applauded, and recognized for the achievements they accomplished.

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment Essay

Economic Policy Recommendation Unemployment - Essay Example The crisis situation started during the financial crisis of 2007. With the announcement of bankruptcy of Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers the financial crisis situation started in 2007. These two companies were the largest financial corporations in the world during this period of time and with the shocking announcement by these two companies that there are going to call themselves as bankrupt have intensified the critical financial and economic future of the United States of America. This announcement has only adversely affected the American economic conditions and scenarios but has also negatively affected the related economic conditions of other countries of the world, such as UK and most of the countries of the European Union, Japan, Russia, India, China and many more (Artis, 2010, pp. 101-102). The financial crisis situation in the USA became more intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of t he growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. ... intense when the American government failed to take drastic steps to save the American economy and hence to reduce the intensity of the growing unemployment and inflation in the country. The government failed to help these companies and other small and medium sized financial corporations in the country through financial assistances. The American government could not achieve the success of financial stability in the country during this time and this drawback of the American government reflected in the case of severe financial crisis in the country during this time (Katz, 2010, pp. 2-5). The crisis situation of the time emerged when the financial sector of the country and of the developed countries of the world have lost lot of money and financial assets in the market. This crisis situation caused the financial intermediaries of the world, in general, and large financial banks of America, in particular, to suffer from loss of their financial stability and financial assets in the market . In this crisis situation the loss the hedge fund in the share market of the country, which is still considered as the biggest and most financially powerful share market in the whole world, caused most of the large financial corporations to reduce their level of spending in order to raise the level of asset in the financial market. In this financial crisis situation the large financial business organisations, such as Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers, adopted the business strategy of reducing the work force of the company and to reduce the level of national as well as international investments. These financial business organisations started to sack as many people as possible within few months time to increase the potentiality of earning greater volume of money in favour of making the

From the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

From the book - Essay Example In our present political system, the Democrats can be considered as liberals due to the parallelism of their party ideology to liberalism. a. Conservatism Conservatism is often considered to be a right wing political ideology that seeks to uphold the traditional institutions in society. As an ideology, conservatism seeks to emphasize stability of how things were done and values continuity. Famous thinkers who advocated conservatism were Aristotle and Edmund Burke who presupposed that to change societies, it has to be understood at its present form, accept them as they are and help them evolve rather make a radical change. Conservatives, as what the proponents of conservatism are called, believed in the evolution of society as an agent of change rather than the radical or revolutionary change. In principle, conservatives were opposed to the kind of revolution such as the French Revolution and its kindred revolution. Conservatives believes and favors more the gradual change that does n ot shake society to maintain its stability rather a radical transformation. It grounds its ideology based on the reality of society and not on certain ideas of what an ideal society should be such as the society that Marx’s Communism envisioned. Such, conservatives are known to be realist than idealist. b. Socialism Socialism differentiates from capitalism in a way that its mode of production are owned or controlled by its workers and business does not exist. Industries exist only to satisfy a certain need or demand and its production and distribution is done through a centralized planning or planned by the state. Socialism is said to be the stage before achieving the final stage of communism. As a political ideology, socialism is characterized with the common ownership of the modes of production that it is not intended for profit but rather to satisfy a demand and to fulfill human needs. Since ownership of the modes of production is communal, it meant that no individual has the right to control the modes of production or resources. Production also is not intended for business but for use and to satisfy the needs of society rather than the accumulation of wealth through profit. Proceeds of the output of production is distributed according to individual contribution instead of salary as we know it. c. Fascism Fascism is a political ideology that aims to consolidate a country in terms of their national identity based on their heredity or race under a state that mobilizes its citizen through stringent discipline and mass political indoctrination. Its government is dictatorial and considers conflict as a necessity to achieve national goal. Fascism shares a trait with socialism that the modes of production are not controlled by an individual but by the state. But unlike socialism that does not entertain private enterprise, fascism promotes the regulation of private enterprise when it is beneficial to the state. Its economic goal is self-sufficiency. Governme nts that once were fascists were Italy under Benito Mussolin and Germany under Adolf Hitler. d. Anarchism.   The mainstream anarchist ideology such as that of Bakunin opposes any form of authority or institutions that will govern individuals and society and

Role of Statistics in the Research Process Essay

Role of Statistics in the Research Process - Essay Example Research process follows the following basic steps: Problem identification, data collection, conduct of methods, data presentation and analysis, interpretation of data and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. As far as research is concerned, statistical methods play a significant and active role in the discovery phase. The methods involve in statistics are an intermediate measure between the theoretical speculations and anecdotal evidence, which lead to the discovery of new information, and validate known facts. Statistics has also a role in the justification phase of a research process. This is the phase whereby, theories needs to be elaborated further in order that comprehensive understanding will be established. Ideally, statistical methods are designed in order to observe or detect and measure the cause-effect relationships in certain situations where outcomes cannot be equally replicated due to normal variability in the applied measurements of interest.

Home as the centre of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home as the centre of Judaism - Essay Example The two movement that will be considered as a show of the various precincts through which the home is a centre of Judaism is the conservative and reformist movements of Judaism. Conservative Jews believe in the core values of its rituals and roles as the practice of what one believes in the daily practices. Reform Judaism believes that the written and oral laws are because of human intervention and the time of its giving as regards the Torah. In both the conservative and reformists, the core value is on the language, Hebrew as the reflection of the beliefs of Judaism and their cultures. It is what holds all Jews together is the language used as a family; hence, forming the first way where a home is a basis for Judaism (Neusner, 1994).  Ã‚  Ã‚     Largely, the home has become the centre of Judaism owing to the various roles, rituals, and practices that are practiced and observed at the home by family members. These rituals and practices are diverse as presented in the following pa rts of this essay. Judaism has been centered at home owing to the rules of dressing by Jews that occur within the family unit. The Halacha forms the basis for the generation of community customs and modesty that determine the dressing code for the Jewish women (Hoffman, 2008). The Halacha gives a number of guidelines for a Jewish woman’s dressing with the sleeves having to be at least below the elbow while the dresses and blouses must have necklines that do not show any cleavage. Skirts won by the women must be high enough. to ensure that when seated the knees are not exposed. Skirts are mainly worn by women in all occasions but there are exceptional instances where they are allowed to be in pants. These instances include agricultural activities where the wearing of the dress would lead to inefficiency in the performance of the various duties. At other times, they have to have to wear their skirts. However, the conservationists Jews are the ones who strictly follow the guidel ines in the Halacha while the Reform Judaism movement does give the adherent’s freedom to choose which rituals to follow. The conservationist movement is very clear in its statement of the superiority of men over women in the home set up. This is also shown by the segregation of women and men at the synagogue during worship and in leading rituals and other religious practices. This is however different in reformist movement where there is acceptance of the universal equality of men and women in all religious rituals, study and the observance of the rules.

HOWARD GOODALL'S 20TH CENTURY GREATS - THE BEATLES Coursework

HOWARD GOODALL'S 20TH CENTURY GREATS - THE BEATLES - Coursework Example The mainstreaming technology is a significant feature in the video. From the 1996 popular music presentation, the Beatles shows a well-organized and choreographic presentation. The unique features are justified through the various dance shows in the video.   The video also presents a rich source of a revolutionized regime in the popular music industry. The justification of the ideology is evident in the discussion presented in the video via different scenes. The video also portrays interesting elements aimed at depicting the nature of the musical world to a large extent. I find the video to have significant features of the musical history. The explanation on musical notes and keys adds logic to the musical world. The background song in the video explains a set of musical instruments harmonized to produce a lasting effect. The song in the video is a great piece of the late 19th century. The use of the song in the video enlightens a given audience on musical history. The video’s music explains the extent to which musical history changes given the various pieces and artists. I find the elaborations in the video to gravitate a connection between cultures and generations. Additionally, the presentation of musical pieces through varying musical cords is of essence in the musical history. The video extract explains a link between cords of the 19th century. As such, a given audience easily associates the changing artists’ tradition to the varying generations. The video is a sample that captures a listener’s attention due to the varying harmonization in the musical pieces. I find the song â€Å"I am here† old fashioned due to the missing pieces of cord harmonization. As such, a given audience would note the difference easily. Other pieces presented in the song extend beyond the rhythm in the

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three Dissertation

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period - Dissertation Example The company ranked within the Top 20 of all the online businesses. In the category of fashion clothing, footwear, jewelry, and accessories, ASOS has claimed the number 1 spot and now believes itself to have no competitor. Most probably, the management means that the other companies have stores while ASOS does not maintain stores. The organization is guided by its desire to give importance to people and the environment. To achieve acceptable working standards towards providing quality consumer goods, ASOS joined ETI or Ethical Trade Initiative, a business alliance of trade unions, and NGOs (non-government organizations) that try to improve people’s lives. It has its own â€Å"ASOS Ethical Code of Conduct†. (See appended key principles in Exhibit I) The economy is presently still recovering from the effects of recession after two years. ASOS is one of those corporations based in the UK that faced a great challenge against the recession, except for one big difference. As o f April 13, 2011, this fashion retailer which operates online far exceeded the performance of UK in terms of recovery from the economic recession. â€Å"In the three months to the end of March, international sales rose 161% to ?48.4 million compared with a year ago.UK sales were up 24% to ?44.9 million.† according to BBC (2011b). ... This provides an opportunity to utilize Financial Accounting tools and the Qualitative Techniques for a careful analysis of the business operations in order to discover how the company performed its business operations. It helps to identify the various sources of funding the business has used and its ability to takeout any more loans, the costs it’s incurring and its returns. It also allows to assess the risks involved in its operation and to make an estimate for its future performance. It will be a challenge to unravel the mystery of ASOS performance. There was no news about how the company arrived at an excellent result of operations. But there were praises. First of all, the company Annual Reports are available online. Secondly, this is a modern way of doing business in the fashion clothing industry, because most retailers are selling mostly through departments stores opened in many countries, while ASOS focuses more on online fashion retailing. Knowing more about financial management for such operations will add more education and insights for the eventual readers of this formal paper. Studying the financial data, strategies, and other aspects surrounding the business of ASOS will also lead to discoveries about the risks involved, the opportunities of investing by buying stocks of ASOS in the near future, and factors or indicators about the prospects of good or bad future performance. Finally, this kind of business is new to most people. The hope is that by analyzing the available information, something new will be added to the field of knowledge. 1.2 Project objectives The objectives are: To be able to review and analyze the Annual Reports using the qualitative and

Hrm Pqhrm Essay Example for Free

Hrm Pqhrm Essay Link is a leading pharmaceutical company which has the head office in Colombo and also there are 7 branches all over the island. Over 200 workers are employed and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the training manager who has over 10 years experience in this field. He handles all the product training and also for training ,the company is known to spend heavily. These training included overseas training amp; other out sourced training programs. However , when new CEO Mr. Dylan Perera Joined the company Ravi Fernando had to justify this big amount of training cost and he was asked to provide a detailed report. He tried his best but he was failed in the same. CEO Dylan Perera wasnt satisfies as Mr. Ravi was not able to prove worthiness of his training programs at all. He has no any written records or at least the members couldnt explain what therere gained from the training. It was totally failure. Anyway Dylan is prompted to the forthcoming training schedule for 2009. My role as a consultant would be to identify * The key issues in the case that could have caused this situation * What has Ravi missed in his role as training manager and how that has led to the current problem * Suggestions and strategies which could be implemented In my report from here on it can be found recommendations and suggestions which can be implemented. 1) The key issues in the case that could have caused this situation Care-Link is a leading pharmaceutical company and Mr. Ravi Fernando is the training Manager of Care-Link. Ravi has done a great job in training and development of the company but it failed. The training outcome was not up to expectations. That is the biggest question. Issues in the case that could have caused this situation is as follows, * Spend a lot of money In this case Mr. Ravi spend a lot of money on training programs without onsidering whether those trainings are useful for the employees and effective for the success of the organization or not. Even though some aspects might not be measurable, there are measurable ways to determine if the money was spent wisely. Organizations have traditionally treated training as a cost and expense. When training has a sufficient payback, it can be viewed as an investment, not an expense. We have to identify the training need well and then to design the training program because it’s a huge waste if we spend a lot on unnecessary training programs. Before spending time and money, its better to follow a systematic process to first determine if training is a potential solution – and if it is, then we should develop a training program. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means making sure that there is a real need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners will actually use what they have learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends. That’s why in this case CEO Dylan Perera prompted to request a total plan for training initiatives before he approves any money for training during the year. * Objectives (training goals) set by the trainer, rather than the trainees Training objectives should set by both trainers and trainees up to their expectations. Here in this case Mr. Ravi decides on his own who are to send outsourced training and who are handling by himself. Effective trainers should be good communicators. He should have discuss with the employees before he sets the training objectives. Care Link’s practice was just to be nominated by the training division for training program actual need of the training should come up in the employees end due to gain a new knowledge or to fill a gap of required competence. Here the employees don’t have any opportunity to rise up with their own requirement of trainings. If the employees too have that opportunity it would be much easy to training division to build up training calendar and the budget on that to fulfill the real requirement of the raining. * A failure to identify the specific needs of employees and for employees to own their own development needs. Training is not the panacea to what ails every worker or every company. It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be cured by â€Å"providing training. † In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon workforce productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, give the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention will fit. Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation. An identified training need pinpoints an area where change is required. Learning objectives specify what a person will be able to do differently as a result of training. The clearer the picture of what you want to achieve in a training session, the easier it becomes to plan the means and the greater the prospect of achieving success. Ineffective training adopts a scattergun approach, rather than pinpointing the target. Effective training designs are characterized by objectives which state clearly what the trained person will be able to do when back in the workplace. No accurate method to evaluate the training program In this case there was no specific method to evaluate the training program. When CEO asked the training manager Ravi, to justify the high training expenditure during the year and show more accurate proof other than a verbal explanation, he was failed to prove it because he never know an accurate method to evaluate the training program. Because companies have made large d ollar investments in training and education and view training as a strategy to be successful, they expect the outcomes or benefits related to training to be measurable. Therefore * To identify the program’s strengths and weaknesses. * To assess whether content, organization, and administration of the program contribute to learning and the use of training content on the job. * To identify which trainees benefited most or least from the program To gather data to assist in marketing training programs. * To determine the financial benefits and costs of the programs. * To compare the costs and benefits of training versus non-training investments. * To compare the costs and benefits of different training programs to choose the best program. Training programs should be evaluated. (see Attachment 01 for Evaluation Process) * Little or no support is given from upper management. The essence of a training need, then, is a gap between what exists and what is needed in order to meet or exceed the customer’s demands. One of the best payoffs from needs analysis is management involvement in training. Managers must play an active role in the diagnostic process and have a sense of ownership of the training event which results. When training is conducted at arm’s length from management, little can change. * No record on expenditure. There should be a record on overall expenditure of the training programmes. It should refer to the overall administration of the program. Cost could be classified in two areas, fixed cost like Trainer’s salary and accommodation cost and the variable costs like Training Material, venue and the necessary arrangements at the venue, food or snacks, transport and installation of training r equipments even though the variable cost is hard to measure it’s a must to measure the cost for the training to maintain the balance of the expenditure. Here the training Manager has failed to justify the high expenditure during the year 2008. That is due to the poor cost managing and not budget the training needs for the year ahead. Training budged which is setting in the beginning of the year should be accurate and well defined. 2) What has Ravi missed in his role as training manager and how that has led to the current problem Training managers have the primary responsibility of working with line managers to identify and meet personnel training needs. The training manager should establish training and entry-level requirements for key training positions and implement programs to select and develop training personnel. The training organization should exhibit a strong desire to meet the training needs of the line organization in both its approach to day-to-day activities and its long-term strategic planning. The training organization should help line managers, supervisors, and personnel recognize that training strengthens personnel and facility performance. A training managers supporting responsibilities may include the following, * Maintain training programs current. * Monitor instructor performance to verify training is conducted as outlined in approved training materials and in a manner that motivates personnel to learn. Verify that the training staff has obtained and is maintaining their technical and instructional knowledge and skills. * Develop training programs according to approved methodology. * Track training commitments to outside organizations such as the state and federal regulators, and assist line management in meeting these commitments. * Develop training program and trainee status reports for line managers, and assist line managers in identifying and resolving human performance issues. * Track current industry training issues. * Solicit line managers involvement when training commitments or needs are not being fulfilled. Work to establish mutual trust and cooperation between the training organization and all facility personnel. * Develop improved methods to meet training and facility objectives and goals as required. * Develop training policies that establish guidelines for all training functions. * Assist line management in identifying potential training needs based on facility and industry operating experiences. * Initiate and help prepare long-range objectives for the training organization that are consistent with corporate, facility, and training policies, and develop a system for verifying implementation of the actions needed to meet the objectives. Training managers should verify that employees participate in training and that training meets the employees needs. Here in this case there was no proper policy of training and development it’s the training managers duty to suggest a training policy for the organization. Mr. Ravi should have discuss with the top management about to make a good policy of training on behalf of the employees who needed the training. Training policies and procedures should support the accomplishment of the training mission, goals, and objectives by providing general guidance and detailed directions. Policies typically describe the conditions that guide the decision making process (i. e. , thoroughness, prudence, openness, and responsiveness). Procedures describe how specific tasks will be accomplished. And also The training manager of Care-Link Had no confidence with his training programs. When the CEO Dylan Perera was not satisfied with just verbal remarks and pushed Ravi to show more accurate proof on what he says, this was pressurizing Ravi to an extent that he was even thinking of leaving the company. This is because of his lack of confidence. Effective Training Manager should have good Confidence on what they train. Managing a training department offers a variety of roles that uncovers natural abilities and potential, while offering specific areas for development. Mr. Ravi Fernando as a experienced person in the pharmaceutical field , might be assuming him as a excellent facilitator of Training programs ,that why he himself handled all the products trainings but he should have understand as per the changing marketing requirement everything has to be changed by and by to meet up the market requirement. Should have seek opportunities to advance somewhere, and develop the strategic plan in accordance to that and then it should be linked the Training plan. Training Manger should be open minded to improve his skills or knowledge in areas which is related to the business and to the training requirement. Training Manger should be Responsible, reliable and accountable, ethical and able to instil a clear sense of purpose in others, Here in the Care Link people doesn’t get a chance to request trainings to fill their competency gaps, and the accountability wasn’t there as the case study views that Mr. Ravi himself failed to explain on what he has done in last year. If Mr. Ravi’s Character has heighted as a Problem solver, dealing with practical, people and problems, they would meet up best results than this. And of cause excellent consultancy skills should be there in his character as a training manager but case study not view any of the situation he has conducted due to understanding the internal customer requirements.. 3) Suggestions and strategies which could be implemented Care-Link company faced a lot of problems due to Ravis misconduct in his training programs. To make training and development more effective within your organization. Following suggestions and approaches will make companys employee training more effective and transferable; their application will result in measurable differences to organizations bottom line performance. * Make sure the need is a training and development opportunity. Do thorough needs and skills analysis to determine the real need for employee training and development. Make sure the opportunity you are pursuing or the problem you are solving is a training issue. Create a context for the employee training and development. Provide information for the employee about why the new skills, skill enhancement, or information is necessary. Make certain the employee understands the link between the training and his job. You can enhance the impact of the training even further if the employee sees the link between the training and his ability to contribute to the accomplishment of the organizations business plan and goals. Its also important to provide rewards and recognition as a result of successful completion and application of the training. Provide training and development that is really relevant to the skill you want the employee to attain or the information he needs to expand his work horizons. You may need to design an employee training session internally if nothing from training providers exactly meets your needs. Or, seek out providers who are willing to customize their offerings to match your specific needs. It is ineffective to ask an employee to attend a training session on general communication when his immediate need is to learn how to provide feedback in a way that minimizes defensive behavior. The employee will regard the training session as mostly a waste of time or too basic; his complaints will invalidate potential learning. * Favor employee training and development that has measurable objectives and specified outcomes that will transfer back to the job. Design or obtain employee training that has clearly stated objectives with measurable outcomes. Ascertain that the content leads the employee to attaining the skill or information promised in the objectives. With this information in hand, the employee knows exactly what he can expect from the training session and is less likely to be disappointed. He will also have ways to apply the training to the accomplishment of real workplace objectives. * Provide information for the employee about exactly what the training session will involve, prior to the training. Explain what is expected of the employee at the training session. This will help reduce the persons normal anxiety about trying something new. If she knows what to expect, she can focus on the learning and training transfer rather than her potential discomfort with the unknown. * Make clear to the employee that the  training is his/her responsibility and he/she needs to take the employee training seriously. She/he is expected to apply herself/himself to the employee training and development process before, during, and after the session. This includes completing pre-training assignments, actively participating in the session, and applying new ideas and skills upon returning to work. * Make sure that internal or external training providers supply pre-training assignments. Reading or thought-provoking exercises in advance of the session promote thoughtful consideration of the training content. Exercises or self-assessments, provided and scored in advance of the session, save precious training time for interaction and new information. These ideas will engage the employee in thinking about the subject of the session prior to the training day. This supplies important paybacks in terms of his interest, commitment, and involvement. As the Care link in a serious situation in having a proper Training and development policy, better to have climate survey among the employees of the company, which will provide all the information on the expectations and thoughts of the employees, then as per the requirement of internal and external customers the training division can buildup training policy. Policy statements and procedures should be developed on topics such as the following, * Analyzing tasks, designing and developing training materials, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of training activities. * Identifying personnel qualification and training needs according to position descriptions, job assignments, previous education, training, and experience * Assessing the level of expertise of subcontract personnel and temporary employees performing work at the facility. * Pursuing job-related education activities. * Handling of individuals whose performance is marginal or unsatisfactory during training (i. . , remedial training) * Describing training department and line organization responsibilities for the training and qualification of facility employees. * Incorporating into training lessons learned from facility and industry operating experiences. * Conducting consistent training and evaluation in the classroom, laboratory, simulator, and on-the-job training. * Co mmunicating between training and line managers (e. g. , curriculum committees, peer review groups) * Maintaining training records of personnel training and performance. * Controlling and administering tests to maintain evaluation integrity. Training and qualifying instructors. * Scheduling of training activities and determining makeup requirements. * Maintaining control of training equipment. * Exceptions. * Facility evaluation criteria. * Vendor short courses or use of vendors for training. Training procedures should describe the types of training and training programs to be conducted, training program prerequisites, and the training audience. The procedures should clearly indicate the training needed for each job position and the sequence in which it is to be completed. The procedures also may reflect the facilitys division of labor policies, position descriptions, and work assignment practices. CONCLUTION It is incorrect to assume that the problems facing every organization can be cured by â€Å"providing training. † In fact, only continuous learning, not training alone, can have an impact upon workforce productivity, but for a company to be successful in its learning interventions, it must know what it wishes to accomplish, give the proposed intervention time, energy and resources it needs to succeed, and ensure that there is a strategy into which the intervention will fit. Finally, there must be reinforcement, performance monitoring and evaluation. Company should spend money on training wisely and that means making sure that there is a real need, that there are training objectives in place and that the learners will actually use what they have learned, immediately, back on the job. Then, your investment in training can actually pay huge dividends. Effective training and development helps employees to reach their full potential whilst providing the organization with the skills and capabilities it needs for the long term.

How To Write A Well Done Research Paper English Language Essay

How To Write A Well Done Research Paper English Language Essay Before getting down to a new activity, its always helpful to find out what you are dealing with. Actually, there are several types of writings called a research paper which differ greatly from one another: an academic paper this one is written by professors and scientists, contains results of their own research or some kind of review in the chosen field of knowledge; a thesis (a dissertation) a paper, written by the postgraduate student who has continued scientific work and presents the results of his findings to take an advanced degree; a term paper the one, written by the high school, college, or university students over the term (usually a semester) and handed in somewhere at the end. This paper serves as an evidence of a students ability to apply practically the theoretical knowledge he/she got during the term (or some longer period of studying) and influences greatly the grade. To be more precise, it makes up much of the course thats why its worth being done properly, isnt it? So, you are to write a research paper of this third type. To tell the truth, its quite a consuming activity; I mean, there are several items which will be for sure consumed by your research paper: time: You put off this paper for the last night before the deadline? Youd better spend these ten hours in a more effective way for anyway youll not succeed in writing a proper research paper. Then, what for all the fuss and brouhaha? To be serious, you should be ready to spend several weeks in order to write a good research paper: the two most time-consuming parts are gathering/studying the sources and the writing proper. Be careful to pay equal attention to each part of the process! Carried away by scanning the sources, you may run out of time and lack it for writing your own paper or do it not in the best possible way. In such a case, youll just waste your time when working with sources. And efforts as well, which is discussed below. efforts: I dont want to disappoint you but there is no possibility to write a proper research paper like Slam bang and its done!. It demands much efforts, both physical and mental: the first to search for appropriate sources, take notes, make correctly bibliography cards, finally, to type several pages which youll call research paper; the second to select a topic, to develop a thesis statement, to analyze the information youve collected from the sources, to choose your own point of view, and to present it in a proper way. On the other hand, I dont want to scare you by enumerating all the activities which are to be accomplished. Aimed at the common goal, they come into connection; therefore, if everything is done properly, the process flows smoothly from one stage to another. For instance, when gathering your sources, you are to keep in mind a topic and probably some possible variants of a thesis statement of your research paper when reading and analyzing the sources, you are for sure to concentrate on making notes, bibliography cards and at the same time you are to choose a way to develop your thesis statement when writing different parts of the paper you are to watch the interconnection between them and make sure you present your ideas in a logical order. paper: Joking apart! Be ready to have enough sheets of paper or better even cardboard cards to take notes and collect bibliography information while working with sources. Probably, youll need several editions of your research paper to perfect your argumentation skills and organize it in the best possible way. sources: It was already mentioned above that you should gather quite a number of sources and make a close study of them before writing a research paper. Be attentive, as opposed to an essay where you were supposed to use your personal experience, that of your friends, or some anecdotes in a research paper you are to deal with academic sources, publications of scientists and researchers. Make sure the sources you use are credible enough to refer to them! To sum up all the mentioned above, a well-done research paper is a several-pages long paper accomplished by the end of the term where student presents the results of his/her review of a scientific literature, its analysis, and skills in using it when arguing his/her own point of view. In the long run, you should produce a logical, consistent, and coherent text, based on the independent and critical analysis of some sources and their interpretation aimed at supporting your way of treating the problem. To do it properly, you are to follow seven steps and keep in mind some additional demands. Algorithm of writing a research paper Actually, after youve become familiar with a general idea of a research paper and some of its peculiarities, you are more or less aware of the procedure of its writing. Now lets reorganize these ideas and write them down in a strict concession to get a kind of algorithm: Selecting the topic. Working with sources. Gathering sources. Taking notes. Making bibliography cards. Developing a thesis statement. Outlining the paper. Making the first draft of the paper. Works cited. Making the final draft, technical specification. These are the main steps to follow while writing a research paper; in addition, you should keep in mind some important ideas which are helpful to improve your paper: Tips concerning an effective title. How to write an abstract? What for do we need paraphrasing? What is a summary? Be careful to avoid plagiarism! Now lets take a good look at each of these steps to clarify some particular moments which may help you when applying this guide. Selecting the topic In case you dont have to stick to the topic given by the instructor, you are to choose it yourself. Here are several tips to make a right choice: First of all, think of the subject you are interested in. Preferably, it should be something you are already familiar with, so that you wont spend much time on studying the simplest notions in this sphere, but there should still leave some mystery for you to urge you forward while working with sources and then while writing your own paper. Secondly, think out several (two or three) problems concerning the chosen subject. Make a kind of a preliminary research: look for information available on each of the problems and compare the number of sources. It goes without saying that the more sources you have the better research paper you may write. If you can hardly find academic publications treating the chosen problem, youd better not develop it in your research paper. Finally, be attentive to select a topic complex enough to be researches from a variety of sources and narrow enough to be covered in several pages. You may also think over the working thesis statement which youll take into consideration when gathering and scanning the sources. Still, dont stick to it! Be flexible enough to change the aspect or the angle of the chosen topic; moreover, such transformations may take place on the second stage, while working with sources. Working with sources Gathering Sources The best place to look for credible sources is a library. Here you may consult a librarian to get all the possible books, articles, and other types of publications concerning the problem you are interested in. Make copies of all the materials you find to be useful for your research and dont forget to write down bibliographic information. Otherwise youll have to spend time on looking for these very sources or youll not be able to refer to them in your paper. If you are using online sources, make sure they are serious enough to be referred to in a research paper. Take notice of the website where youve found the information, make sure it contains an author. Here bibliographic information is also needed: web address and the date you accessed it. Taking notes This activity spares your time on rereading and looking hundreds of times through all the materials you have to find some particular idea which seems to be up to the moment just now. What you have to do is to prepare a number of note cards where youll write down the most important information from different sources. If a quotation, it should be copied attentively and enclosed in quotation marks; if some interesting or valuable information, it may be rewritten briefly, in your own words, or taken as an abstract. When dealing with bibliographic information, two options are possible: You may put it on the back side of the note card if there is one card with information from this source. If one source requires several note cards, youd better make separate bibliography cards, enumerate them, and put the number of this source on all the corresponding note cards. Making bibliography cards for a book: authors name, bibliographical title (underlined), publisher, place of publishing, date, Dewey decimal, library; for an article in a magazine: authors name, bibliographical title (in quotes), title of magazine, volume and number, inclusive pages, library; for the online sources: web address, the date you accessed it. Developing a thesis statement Now its high time to turn back to your working thesis statement you were thinking over when choosing a topic and keeping in mind when working with the sources. Doesnt it need any improvements? Two main tasks of the thesis statement are: to define the focus and the direction of you research paper; to sound convincing enough to awake the readers interest in the problem. For instance, possible thesis statement may sound like this: Original influence of Jack Kerouacs novel On the Road upon the formation of the Beat Movement: personal experience, lively description, romanticized adventures. Outlining the paper Outline is a skeleton of your research paper: to make it, you should look carefully through all the notes you have and organize the information in the logical way. If properly done, the outline reflects the structure of the paper; therefore, there remains only to fill it up with more detailed information, such as quotations, examples, illustrations of the main ideas etc. You can use the outline to see how the ideas correspond to each other, how to organize them more effectively, whether each statement is really an independent idea worth being supported by more specified information. When making an outline, you should keep in mind the general structure of the research paper: introduction containing thesis statement, body paragraphs based on the topic sentence, conclusion characterized by the concluding sentence. Each part should be reflected in the outline, indicated by the Roman numerals. Then you place important ideas which make the basis of your research paper: in the majority of cases, these are thesis statement, topic sentences, conclusive sentence. These statements are indicated by capital letters. Finally, you note down some secondary ideas which make part of mentioned above statements and enumerate them with the help of the Arabic numerals. In the long run, youll have a following scheme: Introduction A. B. Topic sentence A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. Topic sentence A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. Topic sentence A. B. Conclusion Making the first draft of the paper Now relying on your outline, you can make the first draft of the paper. In fact, it is called the first since there will be the second (and in most cases the final) draft; therefore, here you may pay more attention to content and structure without being too critical against punctuation. When dealing with the first draft, your task is to develop all the ideas which are presented in form of statements and show the whole sequence of thoughts with the help of which you come to your conclusion. Try to be as logical and persuasive as possible. Avoid unfounded statements and conclusions: youve studied a great number of sources to support your ideas. Supply the skeleton with the necessary comments, explanations, and quotations. Develop topic sentences of each body paragraph so that they take the shape of well-organized paragraphs with a proper content. Add internal (inside the paragraphs) and external (between the paragraphs) transitions. Make sure to put references to all the quotations and borrowed ideas. In-text references are done in parenthesis where you indicate last name of the author and the number of the page, like this: (Guterson 91). If the name of the author was mentioned with the citation, you are to put only the number of the page: (91). Rewritten text without references is called plagiarism! Feel free to remove all the unnecessary sentences which dont contribute to your argumentation or repeat what was already said. Excess of words is no better than lack of words. They should be just enough to present the idea and build a strong argumentation, no waffling or chewing over. Here Id like to devote several remarks to the first part of a research paper called INTRODUCTION. The very word points out the task accomplished by this part: introducing the problem treated in the research by briefing the reader on the subject in general, on the objectives of this very paper, and on the ways to gain them. This task may be accomplished in three steps: establishing a territory (you are to share with reader information concerning the recent researches in the chosen field of knowledge, present the subject, and underline its importance). establishing a niche (in the majority of cases, two possibilities are available: either to claim that you follow the tradition in investigating this very aspect or reveal a research gap, lack of researches concerning the chosen problem so that you are going to fill it in by this paper). occupy the niche (this step is devoted to your work: the angle you choose to treat the problem, the methods you are going to apply when analyzing the facts, the way you approach statistical information, the results which follow your research. Brief information about the structure of your research paper will be also up to the point). Dont worry if you find out that you cant cope with this part just after making an outline. Many students have the same problem and actually, its easy to understand: introduction is aimed at presenting the paper which is not written yet. Of course, you have already decided on the subject, the problem of your research, youve formulated the thesis statement, you may have some ideas concerning methodology but still its difficult to foresee all the aspects needed for an introduction. Thats why feel free to put it aside till the whole paper is written.